1、Designation: D 2047 04Standard Test Method forStatic Coefficient of Friction of Polish-Coated FlooringSurfaces as Measured by the James Machine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2047; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This laboratory test method covers the use of the JamesMachine for the measurement o
3、f the static coefficient offriction of polish-coated flooring surfaces with respect tohuman locomotion safety. Further, this test method also estab-lishes a compliance criterion to meet the requirement for anonhazardous polished walkway surface. The test method isnot intended for use on “wet” surfac
4、es or on surfaces whereinthe texture, projections, profile or clearance between thesculptured pattern of the surface does not permit adequatecontact between the machine foot and the test surface.1.2 This test method is the only method appropriate fortesting polishes for specification compliance with
5、 the floorpolish static coefficient of friction criterion.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bil
6、ity of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 1028 Test Method for Determining the Static Coefficientof Friction of Ceramic Tile and Other Like Surfaces by theHorizontal Dynamometer Pull Meter MethodD 1436 Test Method for Application of Emulsion FloorPolishe
7、s to Substrates for Testing PurposesD 1630 Test Method for Rubber PropertyAbrasion Resis-tance (Footwear Abrader)D 2825 Terminology Relating to Polishes and Related Ma-terialsD 4103 Practice for Preparation of Substrate Surfaces forCoefficient of Friction TestingD 6205 Practice for Calibration of th
8、e James Static Coeffi-cient of Friction MachineE 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsF 489 Test Method for Using a James Machine2.2 Federal Specification:KK-L-165C Leather, Cattlehide, Ve
9、getable Tanned andChrome Retanned, Impregnated, and Soles.3Type 1Fac-tory (for Shoe Making), Class 6Strips3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSee also Teminologies D 1436 andD 2825.3.1.1 friction, nthe resistance to relative motion devel-oped between two solid contacting bodies at, and parallel to,the slid
10、ing plane.3.1.2 coeffcient of friction, nthe ratio of the horizontal(shear) component of force required to overcome friction, tothe vertical (normal) component of force applied.3.1.3 static coeffcient of friction, nthe ratio of the hori-zontal component of force applied to a body that just over-come
11、s the friction or resistance to sliding, to the verticalcomponent of force applied.3.1.4 dynamic coeffcient of friction, nthe ratio of thehorizontal component of force required to cause a body tocontinue to slide at a constant velocity, to the vertical compo-nent of force applied.3.1.5 slip resistan
12、ce, nthe frictional force opposing move-ment of an object across its surface, usually with reference tothe sole or heel of a shoe on a floor. A surface having a staticcoefficient of friction of 0.5 or greater as measured by this testmethod is considered to have adequate slip resistance. That is,it w
13、ill provide the required traction for preventing or markedlyreducing the probability of slipping while walking.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D21 on Polishesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D21.06 on Slip Resistance.Current edition approved March 1, 200
14、4. Published July 2004. Originallyapproved in 1964 as D 204764T. Last previous edition approved in 1999 asD 204799.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to t
15、he standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
16、4. Significance and Use4.1 Test Method D 2047 establishes a compliance criterionrelating static coefficient of friction measurements of flooringsurfaces with human locomotion safety. The compliance crite-rion is based on extensive experiential data from residential,commercial, industrial and institu
17、tional walkway surfacessince 1942.4.2 Polishes and other floor maintenance coatings having astatic coefficient of friction of not less than 0.5, as measured bythis test method, have been recognized as providing nonhaz-ardous walkways.NOTE 1The value of 0.5 meets the requirements for compliance withR
18、ule 5 on “The use of terms slip retardant, slip resistant, or terms ofsimilar import,” of the Proposed Trade Practice Rules for the Floor Waxand Floor Polish Industry as issued by the Federal Trade Commission onMarch 17, 1953.4.3 The 0.5 static coefficient of friction compliance criterionof this tes
19、t method is only appropriate for polish-coatedsurfaces tested in accordance with this machine and testmethod. The use of this compliance criterion with other testmethods, other test instruments, and other surfaces is improper,because they are not a part of the body of experiential dataupon which the
20、 conformance criterion is based.NOTE 2The conformance criteria of this test method may be valid forother surfaces and surface coatings tested by this test method, but this hasnot been substantiated by correlation with experiential data.5. Apparatus5.1 James Machine4See Fig. 1.5.2 Shoe Material5For i
21、nterlaboratory and specificationtesting the shoe material shall be leather, conforming to FederalSpecification KK-L-165C. Other materials commonly em-ployed as footwear sole or heel material may be used (TestMethod F 489). However, it should be understood that the 0.5static coefficient of friction c
22、ompliance criterion value is notrelevant when such materials are substituted for the specifica-tion leather (Notes 2 and 3). To date, compliance criterionvalues for polish interfaces with other shoe materials have notbeen determined with respect to establishing minimum require-ments for nonhazardous
23、 walkways. If a standard rubber shoematerial is required, the test rubber should be in accordancewith Test Method D 1630.NOTE 3The static coefficient of friction measured with elastomericcompositions are frequently as much as 0.3 to 0.5 higher than leather.5.3 SubstrateFor interlaboratory and specif
24、ication testing,OVCT6, wood panels7, or standard ceramic tiles8shall be used.5.3.1 If substrates other than the above standards are to beused, they should be of uniform porosity and free of surfaceirregularities which would interlock the shoe material with thesurface or otherwise impede smooth slidi
25、ng of the shoe overthe film surface.6. Test Surface6.1 For interlaboratory and specification testing of floorpolishes, films on OVCT, wood panels, or ceramic tiles shall beprepared in accordance with Practice D 4103 or Test MethodC 1028, respectively.7. Test Shoe Material7.1 The size of the shoe mat
26、erial used by the apparatus is 3by 3 in. square by 0.25 in. thick (76.2 by 76.2 by 6.4 mm).7.2 For interlaboratory and specification testing, the shoematerial shall be leather manufactured in accordance withFederal Specification KK-L-165C. Cut the 3 by 3-in. (76.2 by76.2 mm) specimen from the center
27、 portion of the hide by anysuitable method. Mark the direction of the grain fibers for laterreference. The alignment of the sides of the test specimen shallbe along the length and width of the hide. Do not compress theleather during cutting. Dress the edges square.57.3 Before use, the specification
28、leather should be equili-brated at 50 %(65 %) relative humidity for one week. Be-tween uses, the leather shoe material should be stored underthese same constant humidity conditions.7.4 Other shoe materials may be used for individual andspecific testing purposes. If rubber is used, a standard rubberc
29、ompound conforming to Test Method D 1630, Section 7.1, isrecommended. It is further recommended that the thickness ofthe shoe material not be greater than 0.25 in. (6.4 mm) or lessthan 0.20 in. (5.1 mm).7.5 Gently sand the inside (flesh) surface of the leather toproduce a uniform thickness. The fina
30、l sanding in this processshould be done by using 400 grit waterproof silicon carbidepaper9affixed to a flat surface to produce a uniform surface formating with the shoe holder. The inside (flesh) and outside(grain) faces of the leather should be parallel to within 0.01 in.(0.25 mm). The inside surfa
31、ce should be free of loose shreds ofleather, grit, and dust.7.6 Cement the flesh side of the leather to the metal shoe(3-in. square flat steel plate) using any suitable adhesive ordouble-sided tape. Orient the leather on the shoe so that theoriginal grain of the leather is parallel to the direction
32、of shoetravel.7.7 To prepare the face of the leather-shoe for interlabora-tory and specification testing, sand the grain face of the leatherwith 400 grit paper using four passes, two parallel to thedirection of shoe travel followed by two perpendicular to the4Assembled, motorized machines are availa
33、ble from Michelman, Inc., 9080Shell Road, Cincinnati, OH 452361229. Assembled, non-motorized machines areavailable from Quadra, Inc., 1833 Oakdale Ave., Racine, WI 53405. Engineering/machinist drawings are available from Consumer Specialty Products Association,900 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 2000
34、6.5Precut specification leather material is available from Consumer SpecialtyProducts Association , 900 17th Street NW, Washington DC 20006.6OVCT, Official Vinyl Composition Tile, is available from Consumer SpecialtyProducts Association, 900 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20006.7Wood panels may be c
35、onstructed from assembled Rock Maple shorts (SecondGrade, or better), available from Robbins, Inc., 4777 Eastern Ave., Cincinnati, OH45226, or from local distributors for Bruce Hardwood Floors, or Harris-TarkettFloors. Alternatively, panels may be cut from 3/4 in. (19.1 mm) furniture grademaple vene
36、er plywood, available from local lumberyards or millworks.8Available from the Tile Council of America, P.O. Box 1787, Clemson, SC29633. The tiles should be prepared for coating in accordance with the procedure inTest Method C 1028.93M-413Q, available from 3M Co., St. Paul, MN; C414W, available fromC
37、arborundum Abrasives Co., Niagara Falls, NY; T421, available from Norton Co.,Stephenville, TX.D2047042direction of shoe travel. Remove all dust from the leathersurface using a brush, vacuum, blower, or woodworking “tack”cloth. Test the surface to be certain it is free of dust by wipingwith green fel
38、t cloth and observing the cloth for dust.7.8 Lightly sand the grain face of the leather shoe with the400-grit paper before each reading, as described in 7.7.NOTE 4Discontinue use of the leather material when sanding hasreduced the thickness by 0.05 in. (1.3 mm).NOTEThe schematic is of a hand driven
39、model. Motorized models do not have a table transport hand wheel (o). For clarity, this depiction of the JamesMachine does not show guards in place; pinch points should be guarded in accordance with recognized safety engineering standards.aWeights iSpecimenbCushion jShoecChart kTest TabledChart Boar
40、d lRetaining BareSpring Clip mBack PlatefRecording Pencil nBall Bearing RollersgSet Screw oTable Transport wheelhStrut pShoe holderFIG. 1 James MachineD20470438. Procedure (See Fig. 1)8.1 Thoroughly check the James Machine is level in alldirections, and correct any mechanical malfunctions to ensurer
41、eliable results (see Practice D 6205).8.2 Attach the chart10to the chart board.8.3 Raise the weights until the strut is perpendicular to thetable and attach the prepared test shoe in the shoe holder.8.4 Before starting the actual test, make a test run in fourmutually perpendicular directions using a
42、 panel of knowncoefficient of friction. Follow the procedure in 8.8. The testresults shall differ by no more than 5 % from the knowncoefficient of friction. A greater deviation indicates the neces-sity to check the alignment of the machine (Practice D 6205).Repeat this process until specified result
43、s are obtained.NOTE 5Finishes of known coefficient of friction are those which haveundergone repeated evaluation by this test method, including round robintests, and which have amassed considerable exposure to pedestrian traffic.Most commerical finishes meet these requirements. Samples and corre-spo
44、nding coefficient of friction values are available from many formulat-ing manufacturers, polymer manufacturers, and other floor finish rawmaterial suppliers.8.5 Use three tiles or panels for each test, obtaining fourreadings on each panel. Rotate the panels 90 between each ofthe four readings so tha
45、t a fresh surface is tested each time anddirectional effects, if any, are cancelled. If there is insufficientfloor finish to coat three panels, tests on one or two panels maybe run, though with the expectation of reduced precision.8.6 Place the panel on the test table in firm contact with theretaini
46、ng bar. Lightly dust the test panel to remove anyextraneous matter.8.7 Carefully place the leather-shoe into the strut yoke andgently lower the entire assembly into contact with the testpanel. Disengage the small hand wheel.8.8 Release the recording pen, making sure it is on the zeroline of the char
47、t.8.9 Move the test table forward at a uniform rate of 60in./min (1524 mm/min), 6 3 in./min (676 mm/min), until theshoe slips and the vertical column drops.The table movementshould be started within 5 s after the contact in 8.7 has beenmade.8.10 After each determination, lift the strut and return th
48、etest table to the start position. Rotate the test panel 90, sandthe leather shoe material in accordance with 7.8, verticallyoffset the recording pen, and repeat steps 8.6 through 8.9.8.11 Record as the static coefficient of friction the point atwhich the horizontal curve made on the chart by the re
49、cordingpen changes to a vertical line. If this point is not sharplydefined at the top of the vertical line, it may be necessary todraw a standard curve with the shoe braced to prevent slippage.Overlay the standard curve on the test curve, and record thepoint at which the test curve first deviates from the standardcurve. Estimate the readings to the nearest 0.01NOTE 6If panels thicker than 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) are to be tested (forexample, concrete or terrazzo slabs), a shim may be required underneaththe gear box frame. The shim shall be cut to th
