1、Designation: D 2066 07Standard Test Methods forRelative Tinting Strength of Paste-Type Printing InkDispersions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2066; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determiningthe relative tinting strength of paste-type printing ink disper-s
3、ions by visual or instrumental evaluation of tints prepared bymanual or automated mixing.1.2 These test methods are applicable to paste-type printinginks, flushed pigments, and other pigment dispersions that areessentially nonvolatile under ordinary room conditions and forwhich there is a wet refere
4、nce standard of the same pigmen-tation and consistency. With proper choice of tinting base, theyare applicable to dispersions of any color, including black andwhite.NOTE 1The instrumental procedures for tinting strength are similar inprinciple to those described in Test Methods D 387, D 2745, D 4838
5、, andD 6531.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to e
6、stablish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials,and ApplicationsD 387 Test Method for Color and Strength of ChromaticPigments wi
7、th a Mechanical MullerD 2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesD 2745 Test Method for Relative Tinting Strength of WhitePigments by Reflectance MeasurementsD 4838 Test Method for Determining the Relative TintingStrength of
8、Chromatic PaintsD 6531 Test Method for Relative Tinting Strength of Aque-ous Ink Systems by Instrumental MeasurementE 284 Terminology of AppearanceE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE 1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySp
9、ectrophotometry Using Hemispherical GeometryE 1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus ColorimetryE 1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45)Geometry2.2 ANSI Standards:3PH 2.17 Geometric Conditions for
10、Reflection DensityPH 2.18 Spectral Conditions for the Measurement of Opti-cal DensityPH 2.30 Viewing Conditions for Graphic Arts andPhotographyColor Prints, Transparencies and Photome-chanical Reproductions3. Terminology3.1 Definitions relating to color attributes and color differ-ences are covered
11、in Terminology D16and E 284.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 masstone (or masscolor), nthe color of a materialthat is thick enough to mask any background.3.2.2 tinting strength, nthe ability of a material to impartits color to a standard base; the reciprocal of the relativeco
12、ncentration required to match the reference material in astandard base.3.2.3 undertone (or undercolor), nthe color of a thin filmof a material.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 Thin and thick films of the standard and unknowndispersions are drawn down in juxtaposition on bond and on1These test methods a
13、re under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 onPaint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the directresponsibility of Subcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved
14、in 2006 as D 2066 06.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standa
15、rds Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.coated paper. Visual evaluation
16、of the relative undertone andmasstone provides a check on color equivalency.4.2 The standard and unknown dispersions are each reducedto the same concentration in a suitable tinting base. Thick wetdrawdowns of the two tints are evaluated for tinting strength byTest Methods A or B.4.2.1 Test Method AV
17、isual Evaluation: If the strength ofthe tints is judged unequal, aliquots of the stronger tint arefurther reduced until equivalence is obtained. The tintingstrength of the unknown dispersion is calculated from theweight of extra tinting base added per unit weight of thestronger tint.4.2.2 Test Metho
18、d BInstrumental Evaluation: Reflec-tance measurements are made on thick wet films of the originaltints. The tinting strength of the unknown dispersion iscalculated according to a Kubelka-Munk equation.4.3 Preparation of a confirming tint is recommended as anunbiased method of verification. The prefe
19、rred approach is toprepare a new tint of the unknown at a concentration calculatedto match the standard tint.5. Significance and Use5.1 Tinting strength is an essential property of printing inkdispersions. Although test results on wet drawdowns and tintsdo not guarantee equivalency of dry printed in
20、k films, theyprovide useful parameters for quality assurance of establishedformulations, gaging relative degree of dispersion, and estimat-ing the color value of colorants from different batches, sources,or grades.6. Apparatus6.1 Laboratory Balance, sensitive to at least 1.0 mg, pref-erably 0.1 mg.6
21、.2 FlackTek Speed Mixer4,5(optional, for automated mix-ing). Essential accessories include:6.2.1 Plastic Cup, preferably Max 15, for mixing 10 to 15 g.A larger cup, such as Max 40, may be useful for mixing 20 ormore g of tinting base prior to use.6.2.2 Cup Holder, of a size appropriate to the cup us
22、ed in6.2.1.6.2.3 Thermometer, small, reading close to room tempera-ture, for measuring temperature of tints prepared on theFlackTek.6.3 Spatulas, (2) with flexible blades 80 to 120 mm in length(for weighing and mixing).6.4 Mixing Surface, such as a glass or similar slab fixed toa work bench.6.5 Putt
23、y Knife, with an 80 to 120 mm wide blade having asmooth straight edge (for use as a drawdown blade).6.6 Standard Daylight, preferably a D50 light source con-forming to ANSI Standard PH 2.30.6.7 Reflectance Measuring Instrument, (for instrumentalevaluation). Unless otherwise agreed upon, the instrume
24、nt shallbe a spectrophotometer with hemispherical (integrating-sphere) geometry conforming to Test Method E 1331, a spec-trophotometer with bidirectional (45/0 or 0/45) geometryconforming to Test Method E 1349, or a tristimulus (filter)colorimeter with either geometry conforming to Test MethodE 1347
25、. Alternatively, a reflection densitometer conforming toANSI Standard PH 2.17 and having a set of Status T or StatusE filters5,6(see 12.3.2), conforming to ANSI Standard PH 2.18may be used for certain colors.NOTE 2The filter systems in typical densitometers are suitable onlyfor use with black, white
26、, and the three process colors (yellow, magentaand cyan). Instrumental evaluation of other colors requires a spectropho-tometer or a colorimeter.7. Materials7.1 Reference (Standard) Dispersion, having the same pig-mentation and consistency as the test (unknown) dispersion.7.2 Tinting Base, as agreed
27、 upon between the producer anduser, consisting of a suitable pigment well dispersed in avehicle that is compatible with the vehicle in the test disper-sion. The consistency of the base should not be appreciablylower than that of the test dispersion. Driers are not generallyused because they may affe
28、ct the color of the base andcorresponding tints.7.2.1 White Base,5,7for testing colored and black disper-sions. A suitable white base may contain by weight 30 to 60 %of either zinc oxide or titanium dioxide and 40 to 70 % vehicle.7.2.2 Black Base, for testing white dispersions. A suitableblack base
29、may contain by weight 4 % black pigment (prefer-ably non-flocculating), 43 % precipitated calcium carbonate,and 53 % vehicle. Alternatively, a neutral black nondryingprinting ink such as a news ink.7.2.3 Dark Blue Base (optional), for visual testing of whitedispersions. A suitable dark blue base may
30、 contain by weight42 % ultramarine blue, 18 % precipitated calcium carbonate,and 40 % vehicle.7.2.4 Light Blue Base (optional), for visual testing of yel-low dispersions. A suitable light blue base may contain byweight 1 % phthalocyanine blue dispersion and 99 % whitebase.NOTE 3Mixtures of a light b
31、lue base with yellow samples producegreen tints, differences between which are more easily detected by eyethan are mixtures of white and yellow. However, false results may beobtained. The use of a blue base is not recommended for visual tests ongreenish-yellow colorants and is not permitted for inst
32、rumental evaluationof any yellow colorant.7.3 Weighing Substrate (for manual mixing), nonabsorbent,such as skin paper or small glass plates ca 75 to 100 mmsquare.4The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis FlackTek Inc., 1708 Highway 11, Building G, Landrum, SC
33、29356, http:/ you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.6Status T filters are available in the USA, Status E in
34、 other countries. The majordifference is in the peak transmission of the blue filter.7The sole source of supply of the spectrophotochemically controlled NPIRIBleach White X-1025 known to the committee at this time is Colorcon, No-ToxProducts, 171 New Britain Boulevard, Chalfont, PA 189141833, http:/
35、 Drawdown Substrates, one consisting of white bondpaper at least 50-mm wide and 150-mm long with a black barat least 20-mm wide imprinted across the short dimensionabout half way down the length of the sheet, and a second oneconsisting of white coated paper.7.5 Microscope Cover Glasses (for instrume
36、ntal measure-ments), made of fine optical glass, 50 by 45 mm, 0.13 to 0.17mm thick.7.6 Standard Spacer (for instrumental measurements), suchas cardstock the same size as the cover glass described in 7.5,about 1-mm thick, with a 35-mm diameter hole.8. Sampling8.1 These test methods do not include a m
37、ethod for prepa-ration of dispersions. If colorants from different batches orsources are being evaluated, it is important that the standardand unknown samples be dispersed either in the identicalmanner or to the maximum degree, as agreed upon between theproducer and the user.8.2 Carefully select a d
38、ispersed sample that is free of skinand other contamination and representative of the lot beingevaluated. Transfer to a clean container, protect with skinpaper, close and seal.9. Evaluation of Masstone and Undertone for RelativeColor9.1 Using the bond paper with the black bar, place smallportions of
39、 the standard and unknown dispersions close to-gether, but not touching, in the center at one end of the sheet inthe long dimension.9.2 Place the blade of the drawdown knife behind the pastesand, using heavy pressure, draw down a thin film of the pastesin juxtaposition. When the middle of the black
40、bar is reached,raise the blade slightly and draw down the remaining pastes ina layer sufficiently thick that the black bar is not visible.Remove excess material.9.3 Immediately examine the drawdowns under the standardD 50 light or other agreed upon light source. Judge the hue,depth, cleanliness, tra
41、nsparency and other properties of theunknown dispersion relative to the standard dispersion. Recordqualitative observations of the thin film over white paper as therelative undertone, the thin film over the black bar as therelative transparency, and the thick film as the relative mass-tone.9.4 Repea
42、t 9.1 and make a tight drawdown on a sheet ofcoated paper. Make an immediate visual judgment of therelative undertone. Include relative gloss and bronzing in theevaluation.NOTE 4When the consistencies of the standard and unknown disper-sions are significantly different, the film thicknesses of the t
43、ight draw-downs may not be comparable. In such cases, judgments regardingrelative hue should be reserved until the tints are examined (see Note 8 in11.6).NOTE 5If the hue or cleanliness of the test dispersion is significantlydifferent from the standard dispersion, tinting strength cannot be tested b
44、ythe procedures covered in this test method. A numerical assessment ofsuch systems may be obtained by making color measurements accordingto Test Methods E 1331, E 1347,orE 1349 and calculating colordifferences by the 1976 CIELAB equations in accordance with PracticeD 2244.10. Preparation of Tints10.
45、1 Manual Mixing:10.1.1 Select a tinting base appropriate to the sample beingtested (see 7.2). Examine the base for uniformity. If there aresigns of separation or settling, stir thoroughly in container. Ifnecessary, transfer the quantity required for testing to a slaband mix to ensure that the same c
46、omposition of base will beused for both the standard and the unknown samples.10.1.2 Tare or counterbalance a weighing substrate. Usingguidelines suggested in Table 1, prepare5gofthetint ifevaluation is to be visual, 10 g if evaluation is to be instru-mental; weigh out the desired amount of the stand
47、ard disper-sion and the tinting base by one of the following methods.10.1.2.1 Weighing Method 1:The quantity of specimen neednot be exactly as listed in Table 1 but must be weighed to atleast three significant figures. Divide the actual weight by thedesired decimal concentration to obtain the total
48、tint weight.The difference between the total weight and the specimenweight represents the weight of bleaching base to be added. Forexample, 10 g of a 1 % tint is specified and the weight of thespecimen is 0.1122 g. Dividing that quantity by 0.1 gives 11.22g. This is the total weight of the tint. Add
49、 bleaching baseaccordingly.10.1.2.2 Weighing Method 2: The weight of specimen andtinting base must both be exact to 60.001 g. For example, for10 g of a 1 % tint, the weight of specimen must be exactly 0.1g 60.001 g, and the weight of tinting base must be exactly 9.9g 60.001 g. For a nominal 1 % tint, the weight of tinting basemay be 10 g 60.001 g.10.1.3 Gently mix the specimen and tinting base on theweighing substrate until the tint is uniform. Use a circularstirring motion, periodically scraping a
