1、Designation: D 2098 04 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Test Method forDynamic Water Resistance of Shoe Upper Leather by theDow Corning Leather Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2098; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This
3、 test method covers the determination of the dy-namic water resistance of shoe upper leather by means of theDow Corning Tester. It has been revised to show the state of theart in the equipment used in testing. It is applicable to all typesof shoe upper leather. This test method does not apply to wet
4、blue.1.2 Initial water penetration and water absorption can bemeasured.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine th
5、e applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 2099 Test Method for Dynamic Water Resistance of ShoeUpper Leather by the Maeser Water Penetration Tester3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is intended to estimate the waterresistance of sho
6、e upper leather. The flex imparted to theleather is a magnification of the flex given the vamp of the shoein actual wear.NOTE 1There is an indication that this test method cannot be usedinterchangeably for specification purposes with Test Method D 2099.4. Apparatus4.1 Balance, sensitive to 0.01 g.4.
7、2 Dow Corning Leather Tester,3as shown in Fig. 1,oritsequivalent. The essential features of the machine are asfollows:4.2.1 A specimen holder made of two vertical clamps. Eachclamp shall have two stainless steel arms (7.5 by 0.5 by 0.5 in.(190.5 by 12.7 by 12.7 mm), one arm fixed, the othermoveable.
8、 One clamp shall be mounted on a horizontalreciprocating shaft, that is, attached by a connecting link to amotor driven eccentric, which turns at 60 r/min. The bottom ofthe clamps shall be in the same horizontal plane. In onerotation of the eccentric, the minimum distance betweenclamps shall be 1.50
9、 6 0.01 in. (38.16 0.25 mm) (insidemeasurement) and the maximum distance between clamps 2.506 0.01 in. (63.5 6 0.25 mm) (inside measurement).4.2.2 Water Tank made of stainless steel or other noncorro-sive material. It shall be of such a size that it can be placedaround the clamps, and of such a dept
10、h that when in positionfor use, the top of the pan is at least 2.5 in. (63.5 mm) abovethe bottom of the clamps, and the bottom of the pan is at least0.5 in. (12.7 mm) below the bottom of the clamps.4.2.3 Two systems shall be used to record the number ofcycles through which the specimen is flexed. On
11、e shall be amechanical reset counter connected to the movable clamp. Theother system shall be electrical (see Fig. 2). The resistanceacross the electrodes shall be 7500 6 500 ohms. The sensingelectrode shown is inside a leather specimen filled withstainless-steel balls. The common electrode is in a
12、salt solutionwhich is in continuous contact with the specimen duringflexing. Switch S when manually closed starts an electricalimpulse counter actuated by a micro switch, EC, which makescontact once on each flex. This records the total number offlexes until initial water penetration. Initial water p
13、enetration isdetected by a current leakage from the high electrode throughthe specimen to the common electrode in the conducting1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D31 on Leatherand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.03 on Footwear. This testmethod was develop
14、ed in cooperation with the American Leather Chemists Assn.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originallyapproved in 1962 as D 209862T. Last previous edition approved in 2004 asD 209804.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM C
15、ustomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Koehler Instrument Co., 1595 Sycamore Ave., Bohemia, NY 11716. Te
16、lephone:(800) 878-9070. Fax: (516) 589-3815. If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information toASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, whichyou may attend.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
17、 Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.solution. This causes the induction relay to operate, stoppingthe counter. (WarningIt is essential that the electrical circuitbe converted to 110 volts, not to exceed 28 volts across theelectrode. Specimen should be put in p
18、osition or removed onlywhen the electrode circuit is not energized.)FIG. 1 Dow Corning Leather TesterFIG. 2 Electrical Diagram for Dow Corning Leather TesterD 2098 04 (2008)25. Reagents and Materials5.1 Magnetic Balls, stainless steel, diameter18 in. (3 mmoptional) 400 series. The steel balls must b
19、e clean and free ofgrease, oil, silicone, or rust and have a resistance less than 7500ohms before using.5.1.1 To clean, immerse stainless steel balls in mild acid,5 % Nitric. Rinse in running tap water for 3 to 5 min and allowto air dry.5.2 Rubber Gaskets or Adhesives for sealing the specimen.5.3 Ma
20、gnet, to facilitate removal of the stainless steel balls.5.4 Sodium Chloride Solution (1 g/L)Dissolve1gofsodium chloride (NaCl) in distilled water and dilute to 1 L.6. Test Specimen6.1 The test specimen shall be 3.94 by 3.54 6 0.01 in. (100by 90 6 .25 mm) with the backbone direction parallel to the3
21、.54 in. (90 mm) side.7. Preparation of Apparatus7.1 Adjust the electrode projecting into the specimen to aposition 0.125 6 0.0625 in. (3.2 6 1.6 mm) above the bottomfold in the specimen, when the distance between clamps is at aminimum.7.2 Add NaCl solution to the pan of the Dow Corning Testeruntil t
22、he solution level is as indicated on the pan. If equivalentapparatus is used, adjust the solution level to 1716 6116 in.(36.56 1.6 mm) from the bottom of the clamps when the panis in operating position and there is no specimen in the clamps.8. Procedure8.1 Water Penetration and Water AbsorptionWater
23、 ab-sorption can be determined concurrently with initial waterpenetration, or as a separate measurement. If water absorptionis to be a separate determination, follow the procedure belowwith 8.1.12 changed to read “engage the drive-link mecha-nism.” Do not activate the electrode circuit.8.1.1 Weigh t
24、he specimen to the nearest 0.01 g.8.1.2 Disengage the link to the drive shaft, and place the pinon the underside of the drive-link handle in the back hole onthe drive-link bearing.8.1.3 Fold the specimen in half, bringing each 100 mm edgeto itself and with the surface to be exposed to the water on t
25、heoutside. Fold rubber gasket in half (hard rubber side out) andinsert into the specimen. Place the gasket flush with the edge ofthe specimen and in contact with the bottom of the fold. For awater penetration determination only, coat the 100 mm edgewith a film of adhesive no more than 12.5 mm wide.
26、Press endstogether and hold until cured.8.1.4 Grasp the specimen with the left hand at the pointwhere the gasket is in place. Place the specimen between theopen jaws of a pair of clamps. Position the specimen so that thegasketed end is in the back clamp, with the bottom of the foldflush with the bot
27、tom of the clamps.8.1.5 Grasp the back clamp firmly in the left hand (contain-ing the gasketed end of the specimen) and tighten down theclamp with the wing nut. The specimen must be very securelyclamped.8.1.6 Position the second gasket, folded as before, in thespecimen, so that it lies between the j
28、aws of the front clamp.Grasp the clamp with the left hand and tighten the wing nutwith the right hand.8.1.7 Move the drive-link assembly forward and with theforefinger form a horizontal fold perpendicular to the path ofthe flex. Place the pin on the under side of drive-link handle inthe front hole o
29、f the drive-link bearing.8.1.8 Place approximately 100 6 5 g of stainless steel ballsinto the specimen pocket.8.1.9 Set electric and mechanical counters to zero reading.8.1.10 Turn on power to the mechanical drive, if it is notalready in operation.8.1.11 Put the pan in position.8.1.12 Engage the dri
30、ve-link mechanism and immediatelythrow the toggle switch in the electrode circuit.8.1.13 To determine initial water penetration, record thenumber of flexes indicated on the electrical counter when itstops counting.8.1.14 To determine water absorption, remove the specimenfrom the machine, blot with a
31、bsorbent paper, and weigh to thenearest 0.01 g.9. Calculation9.1 Water AbsorptionCalculate the percentage water ab-sorption as follows:Water absorption, % 5 A 2 B!/B3 100 (1)where:A = mass of specimen after flexing, andB = mass of specimen before flexing.10. Report10.1 Report the following informati
32、on:10.1.1 Water PenetrationNumber of flexes necessary toproduce initial water penetration.10.1.2 Water Absorption:10.1.2.1 Percentage of water absorbed.10.1.2.2 Number of cycles that specimens were flexed.11. Precision11.1 Initial Water Penetration:11.1.1 The shape of the distribution curve of the i
33、ndividualinitial water penetration values is not normal due to extremevalues. There is a tendency for the standard deviation of theaverage of the initial water penetration values to increase as thewater resistance of the leather increases. Coefficients of varia-tion of 100 % are not unusual.11.1.2 A
34、lthough the statistical analysis of initial waterpenetration data indicates poor quantitative precision, it ispossible to rank leathers qualitatively in the order of their waterresistance.11.1.3 For research and development, it is suggested that thebend, belly, and shoulder areas of at least 12 side
35、s of a giventreatment-leather combination be samples in triplicate. Afterestablishing the performance characteristics of a treatment on agiven leather, the sampling need not be as extensive forproduction control and specification acceptance.11.2 Water Absorption:D 2098 04 (2008)311.2.1 The water abs
36、orption values tend to follow a morenearly normal distribution. Coefficients of variation of less than25 % are not unusual.11.2.2 When comparing water absorption values, it is rec-ommended that all specimens receive the same number offlexes.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validit
37、y of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject
38、 to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarter
39、s. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard i
40、s copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 2098 04 (2008)4
