1、Designation: D 2099 05Standard Test Method forDynamic Water Resistance of Shoe Upper Leather by theMaeser Water Penetration Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2099; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method
3、 covers the determination of the dy-namic water resistance of shoe upper leather by the Maeserwater penetration tester. It is applicable to all types of shoeupper leather. Certain waterproof processes can cause contami-nation of the stainless steel balls. When this happens, visualinspection is recom
4、mended. This test method does not apply towet blue.1.2 Initial water penetration and water absorption can bemeasured by this test method.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to e
5、stablish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1610 Practice for Conditioning Leather and LeatherProducts for TestingD 2098 Test Method for Dynamic Water Resistance of ShoeUpper Le
6、ather by the Dow Corning Leather Tester3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is intended to estimate the waterresistance of shoe upper leather. The flex imparted to theleather is similar to the flex given the vamp of the shoe inactual wear.NOTE 1There is an indication that this test method can
7、not be usedinterchangeably for specification purposes with Test Method D 2098.4. Apparatus4.1 Balance, sensitive to 0.01 g.4.2 Maeser Water Penetration Tester, as shown in Fig. 1,orits equivalent. The essential features of the machine are:4.2.1 Specimen Holder, made of two V-shaped clamps withwedges
8、 for holding the specimen. The clamps shall be 2.5 60.1 in. (635 6 2.5 mm) apart, inside measurement, when theirtops are in the same horizontal plane. One clamp shall be in afixed position. The other clamp shall be pivoted as shown inFig. 1 and attached, through a connecting link, to a motor-driven
9、eccentric which turns at 90 6 5 r/min. In one rotation ofthe eccentric, the center of the top of the movable clamp shallmove a distance of 1 6 0.05 in. (25.4 6 1.3 mm) below thehorizontal and return.4.2.2 Water Tank, made of copper, stainless steel, or othernoncorrosive material. It shall be of such
10、 a size that it can beplaced around the clamps and of such a depth that, when inposition for use, the top is 1.25 to 1.5 in. (31.7 to 38.1 mm)above the lowest point of the flexed clamp.4.3 Base for the Water Tank, which is removable frombetween the machine frame and the water tank.4.4 Two systems ca
11、n be used to determine the number ofcycles through which the specimen is flexed. One shall be amechanical reset counter connected to the movable clamp. Theother system shall be electrical and consist of a high andcommon electrode. The recommended resistance across thecommon electrodes is 50 000 V. W
12、hen the resistance fallsbelow this value, the relay will be energized. The highelectrode shown is inside the leather specimen in contact withthe steel balls. The common electrode is in a salt solutionwhich is in continuous contact with the specimen duringflexing.4.5 Initial water penetration is dete
13、cted by a current leakagefrom the high electrode through the specimen to the commonelectrode in the conducting solution. This causes a thyatrontube to fire, opening the relay and stopping the machine.5. Reagents and Materials5.1 Magnet, to facilitate removal of stainless steel balls.1This test metho
14、d is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D31 on Leatherand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.03 on Footwear.Current edition approved April 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originallyapproved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 209900.2For referenced ASTM standards, v
15、isit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428
16、-2959, United States.FIG. 1 Maeser Water Penetration TesterFIG. 1 Maeser Water Penetration Tester (continued)D20990525.2 Magnetic Balls, stainless steel,18 in. (3 mm optional) indiameter, 400 series. The steel balls shall be clean and free ofgrease, oil, silicone, or rust, and have a resistance less
17、 than7500 V before using. Steel balls need to be cleaned after eachuse.5.2.1 To clean, immerse stainless steel balls in mild acid,5 % Nitric. Rinse for 3 to 5 min under running tap water, andallow to air dry.5.3 Sodium Chloride Solution (1 g/L)Dissolve1gofsodium chloride (NaCl) in distilled water an
18、d dilute to 1 L.Solution shall be changed after each test.6. Test Specimen6.1 The test specimen shall be 4 by 4 6 0.125 in. (101.6 by101.6 6 3.2 mm). The minimum size shall be 378 by 4 in. (98.3by 101.6 mm); the maximum shall be 4 by 412 in. (101.6 by114.3 mm).6.1.1 Ensure flex in test is parallel t
19、o the backbone bypulling the cut edge that is parallel to the backbone in theclamp.6.1.2 See Practice D 1610.7. Procedure7.1 Determine the initial water penetration and water ab-sorption on the same specimen, as follows:7.1.1 Weigh the specimen to the nearest 0.01 g. Set themachine with the tops of
20、the clamps in the same horizontalplane. Fold the specimen in half along the long dimension, withthe surface to be exposed to the water on the outside. Fasten thespecimen in the clamps by means of the V-shaped wedges, sothat a trough is formed with the leather sides under slighttension. Construct the
21、 wedge assemblies from a nonconductinghard rubber and a laminated plastic as specified in Fig. 2.7.1.2 Place 135 6 5 g of stainless steel balls in the trough.(When automatic end point is not required, this step iseliminated.)7.1.3 Put water tank in place and fill with NaCl solution toa level 0.75 6
22、0.05 in. (19.1 6 1.3 mm) above the lowest pointof the specimen adjacent to the fixed clamp. Attach the otherelectrode to the pan, set the mechanical counter to zero, andactivate the electrode circuit. It is not necessary to activate theelectrode circuit if visual end point detection is desirable.7.1
23、.4 Turn on power to the mechanical drive.7.1.5 To determine initial water penetration, record thenumber of flexes indicated on the mechanical counter at time offailure. When visual inspection is used, water penetration iseasier to determine with the use of a light, for example, aflashlight, to brigh
24、ten samples in the Maeser. When only onedrop is present at a check, blot drop out and note number offlexes. Resume test and recheck in 5 to 10 min. If the dropreturns, mark original flexes. If you see moisture or dark areasbut no drops, use blue litmus paper to touch the dark area. If thepaper chang
25、es color, mark down the flexes.7.1.6 To determine water absorption, remove the specimenfrom the machine, blot with absorbent paper, and weigh to thenearest 0.01 g.8. Calculation8.1 Water AbsorptionCalculate the percentage water ab-sorption as follows:Water absorption, % 5 A 2 B!/B 3 100 (1)FIG. 2 We
26、dge Assemblies for Maeser Water Penetration TesterD2099053where:A = mass of specimen after flexing and,B = mass of specimen before flexing.9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Water Penetration:9.1.1.1 Number of flexes necessary to produce initial waterpenetration,9.1.1.2 Method of pe
27、netration detection, visual or elec-tronic,9.1.1.3 Resistance setting of electronic shut off.9.1.2 Water Absorption:9.1.2.1 Percentage of water absorbed.9.1.2.2 Number of cycles that specimens were flexed.10. Precision and Bias10.1 Precision:10.1.1 Initial Water Penetration:10.1.1.1 The shape of the
28、 distribution curve of the indi-vidual initial water penetration values is not normal due toextreme values. There is a tendency for the standard deviationof the average of the initial water penetration values to increaseas the water resistance of the leather increases. Coefficients ofvariation of 10
29、0 % are not unusual.10.1.1.2 Although the statistical analysis of initial waterpenetration data indicates poor quantitative precision, it ispossible to rank leathers qualitatively in the order of their waterresistance. Leather can also be judged on a pass/fail systembased on a minimum acceptable lev
30、el of flexes.10.1.1.3 For research and development it is suggested thatthe bend, belly, and shoulder areas of at least 12 sides of agiven treatment-leather combination be sampled in triplicate.After establishing the performance characteristics of a treat-ment on a given leather, the sampling need no
31、t be extensive forproduction control and specification acceptance.10.1.1.4 Statistical analysis indicates that there is not aconsistent correlation between electronic and visual detectionmethods. Leathers tested by these methods should be judgedindependently.NOTE 2The lack of correlation between the
32、 electronic and visualdetection methods may be due to certain leather treatments, particularlyoils and waxes. Leathers without these treatments show better correlationbetween the two detection methods.10.1.2 Water Absorption:10.1.2.1 The water absorption values tend to follow a morenearly normal dis
33、tribution. Coefficients of variation of less than25 % are not unusual.10.1.2.2 When comparing water absorption values, it isrecommended that all specimens receive the same number offlexes.10.2 BiasSince there is no accepted reference materialsuitable for determining the bias for this procedure, no s
34、tate-ment on bias is being made.11. Keywords11.1 flexing; leather; water absorption; water penetration;water resistanceASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressl
35、y advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, e
36、ither reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may atte
37、nd. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D2099054
