1、Designation: D 2113 06Standard Practice forRock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for SiteInvestigation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2113; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers the guidelines, requ
3、irements, andprocedures for core drilling, coring, and sampling of rock forthe purposes of site investigation. The borehole could bevertical, horizontal, or angled.1.2 This practice is described in the context of obtainingdata for the design, construction, or maintenance of structures,and applies to
4、 surface drilling and drilling from adits andexploratory tunnels.1.3 This practice applies to core drilling in hard and softrock.1.4 This practice does not address considerations for coredrilling for geo-environmental site characterization and instal-lation of water quality monitoring devices (see G
5、uides D 5782and D 5783).1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The SI values given in parentheses are providedfor information purposes only.1.6 This practice does not purport to comprehensivelyaddress all of the methods and the issues associated with coringand sampl
6、ing of rock. Users should seek qualified profession-als for decisions as to the proper equipment and methods thatwould be most successful for their site investigation. Othermethods may be available for drilling and sampling of rock,and qualified professionals should have flexibility to exercisejudgm
7、ent as to possible alternatives not covered in thispractice. This practice is current at the time of issue, but newalternative methods may become available prior to revisions;therefore, users should consult with manufacturers or produc-ers prior to specifying program requirements.This practiceoffers
8、 a set of instructions for performing one or more specificoperations. This document cannot replace education or expe-rience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable inall circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended torepres
9、ent or replace the standard of care by which theadequacy of a given professional service must be judged, norshould this document be applied without consideration of aprojects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through t
10、he ASTM consensus process.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations pr
11、ior to use. Also, the user mustcomply with prevalent regulatory codes, such as OSHA (Oc-cupational Health and SafetyAdministration) guidelines, whileusing this practice. For good safety practice, consult applicableOSHA regulations and other safety guides on drilling (1).2. Referenced Documents2.1 AS
12、TM Standards:2D 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction PurposesD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 4630 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorage Coefficient of Low-Permeability Rocks by In SituMeasurements Using the Constan
13、t Head Injection TestD 5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting RockCore SamplesD 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-tions of Soil and RockD 5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling forGeoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitori
14、ng DevicesD 5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling withWater-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explo-ration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitoring DevicesD 5876 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline CasingAdvancement Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental1This Prac
15、tice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Field Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originallyapproved in 1962. Last previous edition approved
16、 in 1999 as D 2113 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears
17、at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Exploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitoring DevicesD 6032 Test Method for Determining Rock Quality Desig-nation (RQD) of Rock CoreD 615
18、1 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-technical Exploration and Soil Sampling2.2 American Petroleum Institute Standard:API RP 13B Recommended Practice Standard Procedurefor Testing Drilling Fluids32.3 NSF Standard:NSF 60-1988 Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals-HealthEffects43. Terminology3
19、.1 For common definitions of terms in this standard, referto Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 blind hole, nborehole that yields no fluid recoveryof the drilling fluids.3.2.2 casing, nhollow tubes of steel used to supportborehole walls or where fluid losses must be stopped.3.2.3 caving hole, n
20、borehole whose walls or bottom areunstable and cave or collapse into the drilled borehole.3.2.4 core barrel, nhollow tube of steel used to collectcores of drilled rock.3.2.5 core bit, na drill bit that cuts cylindrical rocksamples and consists of one of the following: a drill bit withsurface set of
21、diamonds or impregnated diamonds in a tungstencarbide mix of hardened steel, polycrystalline bit, or tungstencarbide (TC) inserts mounted on a cylindrical bit that cuts outcylindrical rock samples.3.2.6 drill rig, nincludes drilling power unit, mast orderrick, circulating pumps, and mounting platfor
22、m.3.2.7 drill rod, nhollow steel tubes that are connected tothe drill bit or core barrel and to the rotary head of the drillingpower unit.3.2.8 drill platform, na platform for a drilling rig.3.2.9 overshot, na latching mechanism at the end of thehoisting line, specially designed to latch onto or rel
23、ease pilotbit or core barrel assemblies when using wireline drilling.(D 5876)3.2.10 pilot bit assembly, ndesigned to lock into the endsection of drill rod for wireline drilling without sampling. Thepilot bit can be either drag, roller cone, or diamond plug types.The bit can be set to protrude from t
24、he rod coring bit dependingon the formation being drilled. (D 5876)3.2.11 squeezing hole, nborehole whose walls move intothe drilled opening and squeeze on the drill rods.3.2.12 wireline, na cable made of steel strands connectedto a drum hoist, used to raise and lower the core barrel, drillrods, or
25、other equipment as needed in the drill hole.3.2.13 wireline drilling, na rotary drilling process usingspecial enlarged inside diameter drilling rods with speciallatching pilot bits or core barrels raised or lowered inside therods with a wireline and overshot latching mechanism.(D 5876)4. Summary of
26、Practice4.1 Drilling:4.1.1 Drilling is accomplished by circulating a drillingmedium through the drill bit while rotating and lowering oradvancing the string of drill rods as downward force is appliedto a cutting bit. The bit cuts and breaks up the material as itpenetrates the formation, and the dril
27、ling medium picks up thecuttings generated by the cutting action of the bit. The drillingmedium, with cuttings, then flows outward through the annularspace between the drill rods and drill hole, and carries thecuttings to the ground surface, thus cleaning the hole. Thestring of drill rods and bit is
28、 advanced downward, deepeningthe hole as the operation proceeds.4.1.1.1 Fluid drilling is accomplished by circulating wateror a water-based fluid with additives. Additives such asbentonite or polymers are frequently added to water to lubri-cate and cool the bit and to circulate (transport) cuttings
29、to thesurface. Drill fluid can also act to prevent cave or collapse ofthe drill hole. After the drilling fluid reaches the surface, itflows to a ditch or effluent pipe and into a settling pit where thecuttings settle to the bottom. Cuttings are sometimes runthrough a shaker to remove the larger part
30、icles. From thesettling pit, the drilling fluid overflows into the main pit, fromwhich it is picked up by the suction line of the mud pump andrecirculated through the drill string.NOTE 1The decrease of mud velocity upon entering the mud pit maycause gelling of the mud and prevent cuttings from settl
31、ing. Agitation ofthe mud in the pit can remedy the problem.4.1.1.2 Air drilling is performed where introduction offluids is undesirable. Air rotary drilling requires use of an aircompressor with volume displacement large enough to developsufficient air velocity to remove cuttings. Cuttings can becol
32、lected at the surface in cyclone separators. Sometimes asmall amount of water or foam may be added to the air toenhance return of cuttings. Air drilling may not be satisfactoryin unconsolidated and cohesionless soils under the groundwater table.4.2 Coring:4.2.1 Coring is the process of recovering cy
33、lindrical cores ofrock by means of rotating a hollow steel tube (core barrel)equipped with a coring bit. The drilled core is carefullycollected in the core barrel as the drilling progresses.4.3 Sampling:4.3.1 Once the core has been cut and the core barrel is full,the drill rods or overshot assembly
34、are pulled and the coreretrieved. Samples are packaged and shipped for testing (seePractices D 5079).5. Significance and Use5.1 Rock cores are samples of record of the existingsubsurface conditions at given borehole locations. The samplesare expected to yield significant indications about the geolog
35、i-cal, physical, and engineering nature of the subsurface for usein the design and construction of an engineered structure (seeGuide D 420 . The core samples need to be preserved using3Available from American Petroleum Institute, 2101 L St. NW, Washington, DC4Available from NSF International, P.O. B
36、ox 130140, Ann Arbor, MI481130140.D2113062specific procedures for a stipulated time (Practices D 5079).The period of storage depends upon the nature and significanceof the engineered structure.5.2 Rock cores always need to be handled such that theirproperties are not altered in any way due to mechan
37、ical damageor changes in ambient conditions of moisture and temperatureor other environmental factors.6. Apparatus6.1 GeneralFig. 1 shows the schematic of a typical rockcore drill setup (2). Essential components of the drillingequipment include the drilling rig with rotary power, hoistingsystems, ca
38、sing, rods, core barrels, including bits and liners,and pumps with circulating system. In addition, equipmentshould include necessary tools for hoisting and coupling anduncoupling the drill string and other miscellaneous items suchas prefabricated mud pits and racks for rod stacking and layout.Norma
39、lly, a drilling platform of planking is built up around thedrilling site.6.1.1 Rock coring operations can proceed at high rotationrates. It is imperative the drill rig, rods, and core barrels arestraight and have a balanced center of gravity to avoidwhipping and resulting damage to cores and expensi
40、ve bits.6.2 Drilling Rig The drill rig provides the rotary powerand downward (or advance) force or hold-back force on thecore barrel to core the rock. The preferred diamond drill coringequipments are designs with hydraulic or gear-driven variablespeed hollow spindle rotary drill heads, although some
41、 corerigs are manufactured with gear or chain pulldown/retractsystems. Precise control over bit pressure can best be accom-plished by a variable setting hydraulic pulldown/retract system.Hydraulic systems are often equipped with a detent valve,which allows downfeed (or advance) rate to be set at a c
42、ertainspeed regardless of tool weight or down pressure exerted on thecoring bit. Hydraulic feed drill rigs should be supplied with ahydraulic pressure gage that can be related to bit pressures.Deep hole drill rigs should be equipped with hydraulic hold-back control so, if required, the full weight o
43、f the drill rods isnot exerted on the bit when drilling downward. Diamond drillrigs can apply high rotation rates as high as 1000 rpm asopposed to normal rotary drills operating at 60 to 120 rpm (3).Most diamond core drills are equipped with a mast andpowered hoist for hoisting heavy drill strings.
44、A secondwireline hoist is helpful for wireline drilling.6.2.1 The drill rig frame is either skid or truck mounted andshould be equipped with a slide base for ease in workingaround the drill hole. In special cases, the drilling rig may bemounted on a trailer, barge (for overwater drilling), or column
45、s(for underground work). Some drill rigs are designed to bebroken down into several pieces for transport into remoteFIG. 1 Schematic of Typical Diamond Core Drill Set-up (2)D2113063areas. The drilling rig power unit may be powered by hydrau-lics, air, electricity, gas, or diesel. Most surface skid o
46、r truckmounted rigs are diesel or gas powered.6.2.2 Drilling directions are rarely vertical in undergroundapplications, and smaller rigs are frequently equipped withswivel heads to accommodate drilling at angles. Specialaccommodations must be made for holding and breaking rodswhen drilling at high a
47、ngles into crowns of adits. Either topdrive drill or column mount machines with hydraulic orpneumatic rod jacks are equipped to handle up holes. Forconfined space drilling operations, drills are column mountedor mounted on small skids. Special power sources may berequired for underground work due to
48、 air quality consider-ations. Remote power pack stations usually electric, hydraulic,compressed air, or a combination of the three. Electricallypowered hydraulic systems are most common in undergrounduse today6.2.3 The platform may need to be constructed at thedrilling site to provide a firm base up
49、on which the drill rig isthen placed. Platforms are also constructed in the vicinity ofthe drill hole for workers to hold equipment, serve as a datum,and to allow safe operations.6.3 Fluid or Air Circulation Systems:6.3.1 Selection of Drill MediaThe two primary methodsfor circulating drill cuttings are water or water-based fluids orair with or without additives. The predominant method ofdrilling is water-based fluids. Water-based drilling is effectivein a wide range of conditions both above and below the watertable.Air drilling is selected when water-sensitive soil
