1、Designation: D 2113 08Standard Practice forRock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for SiteInvestigation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2113; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers the guidelines, requi
3、rements, andprocedures for core drilling, coring, and sampling of rock forthe purposes of site investigation. The borehole could bevertical, horizontal, or angled.1.2 This practice is described in the context of obtainingdata for the design, construction, or maintenance of structures,and applies to
4、surface drilling and drilling from adits andexploratory tunnels.1.3 This practice applies to core drilling in hard and softrock.1.4 This practice does not address considerations for coredrilling for geo-environmental site characterization and instal-lation of water quality monitoring devices (see Gu
5、ides D 5782and D 5783).1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This practice does not purport to comprehensivelyaddress a
6、ll of the methods and the issues associated with coringand sampling of rock. Users should seek qualified profession-als for decisions as to the proper equipment and methods thatwould be most successful for their site investigation. Othermethods may be available for drilling and sampling of rock,and
7、qualified professionals should have flexibility to exercisejudgment as to possible alternatives not covered in thispractice. This practice is current at the time of issue, but newalternative methods may become available prior to revisions;therefore, users should consult with manufacturers or produc-
8、ers prior to specifying program requirements.This practiceoffers a set of instructions for performing one or more specificoperations. This document cannot replace education or expe-rience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable
9、inall circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended torepresent or replace the standard of care by which theadequacy of a given professional service must be judged, norshould this document be applied without consideration of aprojects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this
10、document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practic
11、es and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Also, the user mustcomply with prevalent regulatory codes, such as OSHA (Oc-cupational Health and SafetyAdministration) guidelines, whileusing this practice. For good safety practice, consult applicableOSHA regulations and o
12、ther safety guides on drilling (1).2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction PurposesD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 4380 Test Method for Density of Bentonitic SlurriesD 4630 Test Method for
13、 Determining Transmissivity andStorage Coefficient of Low-Permeability Rocks by In SituMeasurements Using the Constant Head Injection TestD 5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting RockCore SamplesD 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-tions of Soil and RockD 5782 Guide for Use o
14、f Direct Air-Rotary Drilling forGeoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling withWater-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explo-ration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitoring De
15、vices1This Practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Field Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 1962. Last previo
16、us edition approved in 2006 as D 2113 06.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Chang
17、es section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 5876 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline CasingAdvancement Drilling Methods for GeoenvironmentalExploration and Installation of Subsu
18、rface Water-QualityMonitoring DevicesD 6032 Test Method for Determining Rock Quality Desig-nation (RQD) of Rock CoreD 6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-technical Exploration and Soil Sampling2.2 American Petroleum Institute Standard:3API RP 13B Recommended Practice Standard Procedur
19、efor Testing Drilling Fluids2.3 NSF Standard:4NSF 60-1988 Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals-HealthEffects3. Terminology3.1 For common definitions of terms in this standard, referto Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 blind hole, nborehole that yields no fluid recoveryof the drilling fluids.3.2.
20、2 casing, nhollow tubes of steel used to supportborehole walls or where fluid losses must be stopped.3.2.3 caving hole, nborehole whose walls or bottom areunstable and cave or collapse into the drilled borehole.3.2.4 core barrel, nhollow tube of steel used to collectcores of drilled rock.3.2.5 core
21、bit, na drill bit that cuts cylindrical rocksamples and consists of one of the following: a drill bit withsurface set of diamonds or impregnated diamonds in a tungstencarbide mix of hardened steel, polycrystalline bit, or tungstencarbide (TC) inserts mounted on a cylindrical bit that cuts outcylindr
22、ical rock samples.3.2.6 drill rig, nincludes drilling power unit, mast orderrick, circulating pumps, and mounting platform.3.2.7 drill rod, nhollow steel tubes that are connected tothe drill bit or core barrel and to the rotary head of the drillingpower unit.3.2.8 drill platform, na platform for a d
23、rilling rig.3.2.9 overshot, na latching mechanism at the end of thehoisting line, specially designed to latch onto or release pilotbit or core barrel assemblies when using wireline drilling.(D 5876)3.2.10 pilot bit assembly, ndesigned to lock into the endsection of drill rod for wireline drilling wi
24、thout sampling. Thepilot bit can be either drag, roller cone, or diamond plug types.The bit can be set to protrude from the rod coring bit dependingon the formation being drilled. (D 5876)3.2.11 squeezing hole, nborehole whose walls move intothe drilled opening and squeeze on the drill rods.3.2.12 w
25、ireline, na cable made of steel strands connectedto a drum hoist, used to raise and lower the core barrel, drillrods, or other equipment as needed in the drill hole.3.2.13 wireline drilling, na rotary drilling process usingspecial enlarged inside diameter drilling rods with speciallatching pilot bit
26、s or core barrels raised or lowered inside therods with a wireline and overshot latching mechanism.(D 5876)4. Summary of Practice4.1 Drilling:4.1.1 Drilling is accomplished by circulating a drillingmedium through the drill bit while rotating and lowering oradvancing the string of drill rods as downw
27、ard force is appliedto a cutting bit. The bit cuts and breaks up the material as itpenetrates the formation, and the drilling medium picks up thecuttings generated by the cutting action of the bit. The drillingmedium, with cuttings, then flows outward through the annularspace between the drill rods
28、and drill hole, and carries thecuttings to the ground surface, thus cleaning the hole. Thestring of drill rods and bit is advanced downward, deepeningthe hole as the operation proceeds.4.1.1.1 Fluid drilling is accomplished by circulating wateror a water-based fluid with additives. Additives such as
29、bentonite or polymers are frequently added to water to lubri-cate and cool the bit and to circulate (transport) cuttings to thesurface. Drill fluid can also act to prevent cave or collapse ofthe drill hole. After the drilling fluid reaches the surface, itflows to a ditch or effluent pipe and into a
30、settling pit where thecuttings settle to the bottom. Cuttings are sometimes runthrough a shaker to remove the larger particles. From thesettling pit, the drilling fluid overflows into the main pit, fromwhich it is picked up by the suction line of the mud pump andrecirculated through the drill string
31、.NOTE 1The decrease of mud velocity upon entering the mud pit maycause gelling of the mud and prevent cuttings from settling. Agitation ofthe mud in the pit can remedy the problem.4.1.1.2 Air drilling is performed where introduction offluids is undesirable. Air rotary drilling requires use of an air
32、compressor with volume displacement large enough to developsufficient air velocity to remove cuttings. Cuttings can becollected at the surface in cyclone separators. Sometimes asmall amount of water or foam may be added to the air toenhance return of cuttings. Air drilling may not be satisfactoryin
33、unconsolidated and cohesionless soils under the groundwater table.4.2 Coring:4.2.1 Coring is the process of recovering cylindrical cores ofrock by means of rotating a hollow steel tube (core barrel)equipped with a coring bit. The drilled core is carefullycollected in the core barrel as the drilling
34、progresses.4.3 Sampling:4.3.1 Once the core has been cut and the core barrel is full,the drill rods or overshot assembly are pulled and the coreretrieved. Samples are packaged and shipped for testing (seePractices D 5079).5. Significance and Use5.1 Rock cores are samples of record of the existingsub
35、surface conditions at given borehole locations. The samples3Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Wash-ington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.4Available from NSF International, P.O. Box 130140, 789 N. Dixboro Rd., AnnArbor, MI 48113-0140, http:/www.nsf.org.D2113082are
36、 expected to yield significant indications about the geologi-cal, physical, and engineering nature of the subsurface for usein the design and construction of an engineered structure (seeGuide D 420 . The core samples need to be preserved usingspecific procedures for a stipulated time (Practices D 50
37、79).The period of storage depends upon the nature and significanceof the engineered structure.5.2 Rock cores always need to be handled such that theirproperties are not altered in any way due to mechanical damageor changes in ambient conditions of moisture and temperatureor other environmental facto
38、rs.6. Apparatus6.1 GeneralFig. 1 shows the schematic of a typical rockcore drill setup (2). Essential components of the drillingequipment include the drilling rig with rotary power, hoistingsystems, casing, rods, core barrels, including bits and liners,and pumps with circulating system. In addition,
39、 equipmentshould include necessary tools for hoisting and coupling anduncoupling the drill string and other miscellaneous items suchas prefabricated mud pits and racks for rod stacking and layout.Normally, a drilling platform of planking is built up around thedrilling site.6.1.1 Rock coring operatio
40、ns can proceed at high rotationrates. It is imperative the drill rig, rods, and core barrels arestraight and have a balanced center of gravity to avoidwhipping and resulting damage to cores and expensive bits.6.2 Drilling Rig The drill rig provides the rotary powerand downward (or advance) force or
41、hold-back force on thecore barrel to core the rock. The preferred diamond drill coringequipments are designs with hydraulic or gear-driven variablespeed hollow spindle rotary drill heads, although some corerigs are manufactured with gear or chain pulldown/retractsystems. Precise control over bit pre
42、ssure can best be accom-plished by a variable setting hydraulic pulldown/retract system.Hydraulic systems are often equipped with a detent valve,which allows downfeed (or advance) rate to be set at a certainspeed regardless of tool weight or down pressure exerted on thecoring bit. Hydraulic feed dri
43、ll rigs should be supplied with ahydraulic pressure gauge that can be related to bit pressures.Deep hole drill rigs should be equipped with hydraulic hold-back control so, if required, the full weight of the drill rods isnot exerted on the bit when drilling downward. Diamond drillrigs can apply high
44、 rotation rates as high as 1000 rpm asopposed to normal rotary drills operating at 60 to 120 rpm (3).Most diamond core drills are equipped with a mast andpowered hoist for hoisting heavy drill strings. A secondwireline hoist is helpful for wireline drilling.6.2.1 The drill rig frame is either skid o
45、r truck mounted andshould be equipped with a slide base for ease in workingaround the drill hole. In special cases, the drilling rig may bemounted on a trailer, barge (for overwater drilling), or columns(for underground work). Some drill rigs are designed to beFIG. 1 Schematic of Typical Diamond Cor
46、e Drill Set-up (2)D2113083broken down into several pieces for transport into remoteareas. The drilling rig power unit may be powered by hydrau-lics, air, electricity, gas, or diesel. Most surface skid or truckmounted rigs are diesel or gas powered.6.2.2 Drilling directions are rarely vertical in und
47、ergroundapplications, and smaller rigs are frequently equipped withswivel heads to accommodate drilling at angles. Specialaccommodations must be made for holding and breaking rodswhen drilling at high angles into crowns of adits. Either topdrive drill or column mount machines with hydraulic orpneuma
48、tic rod jacks are equipped to handle up holes. Forconfined space drilling operations, drills are column mountedor mounted on small skids. Special power sources may berequired for underground work due to air quality consider-ations. Remote power pack stations usually electric, hydraulic,compressed ai
49、r, or a combination of the three. Electricallypowered hydraulic systems are most common in undergrounduse today6.2.3 The platform may need to be constructed at thedrilling site to provide a firm base upon which the drill rig isthen placed. Platforms are also constructed in the vicinity ofthe drill hole for workers to hold equipment, serve as a datum,and to allow safe operations.6.3 Fluid or Air Circulation Systems:6.3.1 Selection of Drill MediaThe two primary methodsfor circulating drill cuttings are water or water-based fluids orair with or without additives. Th
