1、Designation: D2113 14Standard Practice forRock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for SiteExploration1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2113; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers the guidelines, requ
3、irements, andprocedures for core drilling, coring, and sampling of rock forthe purposes of site exploration. The borehole could bevertical, horizontal, or angled.1.2 This practice is described in the context of obtainingdata for the design, construction, or maintenance of structures,and applies to s
4、urface drilling and drilling from adits andexploratory tunnels.1.3 This practice applies to core drilling in hard and softrock.1.4 This practice does not address considerations for coredrilling for geo-environmental site characterization and instal-lation of water quality monitoring devices (see Gui
5、des D5782and D5783).1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This practice does not purport to comprehensivelyaddress all
6、of the methods and the issues associated with coringand sampling of rock. Users should seek qualified profession-als for decisions as to the proper equipment and methods thatwould be most successful for their site exploration. Othermethods may be available for drilling and sampling of rock,and quali
7、fied professionals should have flexibility to exercisejudgment as to possible alternatives not covered in thispractice. This practice is current at the time of issue, but newalternative methods may become available prior to revisions;therefore, users should consult with manufacturers or produc-ers p
8、rior to specifying program requirements.This practiceoffers a set of instructions for performing one or more specificoperations. This document cannot replace education or expe-rience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable inall
9、 circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended torepresent or replace the standard of care by which theadequacy of a given professional service must be judged, norshould this document be applied without consideration of aprojects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this docum
10、ent means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices an
11、d determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Also, the user mustcomply with prevalent regulatory codes, such as OSHA (Oc-cupational Health and SafetyAdministration) guidelines, whileusing this practice. For good safety practice, consult applicableOSHA regulations and other
12、safety guides on drilling (1).2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD4380 Test Method for Density of Bentonitic SlurriesD4630 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorage Coefficient of Low-Permeability Rocks by In SituMeasure
13、ments Using the Constant Head Injection TestD5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Rock CoreSamplesD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorationsof Soil and RockD5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling forGeoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Wate
14、r-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Exploration1This Practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Fiel
15、d Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originallyapproved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D2113 08. DOI:10.1520/D2113-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at
16、 serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
17、United States1and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitor-ing DevicesD5876 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline CasingAdvancement Drilling Methods for GeoenvironmentalExploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitoring DevicesD6032 Test Method for Determining Rock Qual
18、ity Designa-tion (RQD) of Rock CoreD6151 Practice for Using Hollow-StemAugers for Geotech-nical Exploration and Soil Sampling2.2 American Petroleum Institute Standard:3API RP 13B Recommended Practice Standard Procedure forTesting Drilling Fluids2.3 NSF Standard:4NSF/ANSI 60-1988 Drinking Water Treat
19、ment Chemicals-Health Effects3. Terminology3.1 For common definitions of terms in this standard, referto Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 blind hole, nborehole that yields no fluid recovery ofthe drilling fluids.3.2.2 casing, nhollow tubes of steel used to supportborehole walls or where fluid
20、losses must be stopped.3.2.3 caving hole, nborehole whose walls or bottom areunstable and cave or collapse into the drilled borehole.3.2.4 core barrel, nhollow tube of steel used to collectcores of drilled rock.3.2.5 core bit, na drill bit that cuts cylindrical rocksamples and consists of one of the
21、 following: a drill bit withsurface set of diamonds or impregnated diamonds in a tungstencarbide mix of hardened steel, polycrystalline bit, or tungstencarbide (TC) inserts mounted on a cylindrical bit that cuts outcylindrical rock samples.3.2.6 drill rig, nincludes drilling power unit, mast orderri
22、ck, circulating pumps, and mounting platform.3.2.7 drill rod, nhollow steel tubes that are connected tothe drill bit or core barrel and to the rotary head of the drillingpower unit.3.2.8 drill platform, na platform for a drilling rig.3.2.9 overshot, na latching mechanism at the end of thehoisting li
23、ne, specially designed to latch onto or release pilotbit or core barrel assemblies when using wireline drilling.(D5876)3.2.10 pilot bit assembly, ndesigned to lock into the endsection of drill rod for wireline drilling without sampling. Thepilot bit can be either drag, roller cone, or diamond plug t
24、ypes.The bit can be set to protrude from the rod coring bit dependingon the formation being drilled. (D5876)3.2.11 squeezing hole, nborehole whose walls move intothe drilled opening and squeeze on the drill rods.3.2.12 wireline, na cable made of steel strands connectedto a drum hoist, used to raise
25、and lower the core barrel, drillrods, or other equipment as needed in the drill hole.3.2.13 wireline drilling, na rotary drilling process usingspecial enlarged inside diameter drilling rods with speciallatching pilot bits or core barrels raised or lowered inside therods with a wireline and overshot
26、latching mechanism.(D5876)4. Summary of Practice4.1 Drilling:4.1.1 Drilling is accomplished by circulating a drillingmedium through the drill bit while rotating and lowering oradvancing the string of drill rods as downward force is appliedto a cutting bit. The bit cuts and breaks up the material as
27、itpenetrates the formation, and the drilling medium picks up thecuttings generated by the cutting action of the bit. The drillingmedium, with cuttings, then flows outward through the annularspace between the drill rods and drill hole, and carries thecuttings to the ground surface, thus cleaning the
28、hole. Thestring of drill rods and bit is advanced downward, deepeningthe hole as the operation proceeds.4.1.1.1 Fluid drilling is accomplished by circulating wateror a water-based fluid with additives. Additives such asbentonite or polymers are frequently added to water to lubri-cate and cool the bi
29、t and to circulate (transport) cuttings to thesurface. Drill fluid can also act to prevent cave or collapse ofthe drill hole. After the drilling fluid reaches the surface, itflows to a ditch or effluent pipe and into a settling pit where thecuttings settle to the bottom. Cuttings are sometimes runth
30、rough a shaker to remove the larger particles. From thesettling pit, the drilling fluid overflows into the main pit, fromwhich it is picked up by the suction line of the mud pump andrecirculated through the drill string.NOTE 1The decrease of mud velocity upon entering the mud pit maycause gelling of
31、 the mud and prevent cuttings from settling. Agitation ofthe mud in the pit can remedy the problem.4.1.1.2 Air drilling is performed where introduction offluids is undesirable. Air rotary drilling requires use of an aircompressor with volume displacement large enough to developsufficient air velocit
32、y to remove cuttings. Cuttings can becollected at the surface in cyclone separators. Sometimes asmall amount of water or foam may be added to the air toenhance return of cuttings. Air drilling may not be satisfactoryin unconsolidated and cohesionless soils under the groundwa-ter table.4.2 Coring:4.2
33、.1 Coring is the process of recovering cylindrical cores ofrock by means of rotating a hollow steel tube (core barrel)equipped with a coring bit. The drilled core is carefullycollected in the core barrel as the drilling progresses.4.3 Sampling:4.3.1 Once the core has been cut and the core barrel is
34、full,the drill rods or overshot assembly are pulled and the coreretrieved. Samples are packaged and shipped for testing (seePractices D5079).3Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW,Washington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.4Available from NSF International, P.O. Box 13
35、0140, 789 N. Dixboro Rd., AnnArbor, MI 48113-0140, http:/www.nsf.org.D2113 1425. Significance and Use5.1 Rock cores are samples of record of the existingsubsurface conditions at given borehole locations. The samplesare expected to provide indications about the geological,physical, and engineering na
36、ture of the subsurface for use inthe design and construction of an engineered structure. Thecore samples need to be preserved using specific procedures fora stipulated time (Practices D5079). The period of storagedepends upon the nature and significance of the engineeredstructure.5.2 Rock cores alwa
37、ys need to be handled such that theirproperties are not altered in any way due to mechanical damageor changes in ambient conditions of moisture and temperatureor other environmental factors.6. Apparatus6.1 GeneralFig. 1 shows the schematic of a typical rockcore drill setup (2). Essential components
38、of the drillingequipment include the drilling rig with rotary power, hoistingsystems, casing, rods, core barrels, including bits and liners,and pumps with circulating system. In addition, equipmentshould include necessary tools for hoisting and coupling anduncoupling the drill string and other misce
39、llaneous items suchas prefabricated mud pits and racks for rod stacking and layout.Normally, a drilling platform of planking is built up around thedrilling site.NOTE 2This standard is a practice and while the apparatus given is themost common type, this does not preclude the use of other current orf
40、uture drilling technologies.6.1.1 Rock coring operations can proceed at high rotationrates. It is imperative the drill rig, rods, and core barrels arestraight and have a balanced center of gravity to avoidwhipping and resulting damage to cores and expensive bits.6.2 Drilling Rig The drill rig provid
41、es the rotary powerand downward (or advance) force or hold-back force on thecore barrel to core the rock. The preferred diamond drill coringequipment are designs with hydraulic or gear-driven variablespeed hollow spindle rotary drill heads, although some coreFIG. 1 Schematic of Typical Diamond Core
42、Drill Set-up (2)D2113 143rigs are manufactured with gear or chain pulldown/retractsystems. Precise control over bit pressure can best be accom-plished by a variable setting hydraulic pulldown/retract system.Hydraulic systems are often equipped with a detent valve,which allows downfeed (or advance) r
43、ate to be set at a certainspeed regardless of tool weight or down pressure exerted on thecoring bit. Hydraulic feed drill rigs should be supplied with ahydraulic pressure gauge that can be related to bit pressures.Deep hole drill rigs should be equipped with hydraulic hold-back control so, if requir
44、ed, the full weight of the drill rods isnot exerted on the bit when drilling downward. Diamond drillrigs can apply high rotation rates as high as 1000 rpm asopposed to normal rotary drills operating at 60 to 120 rpm (3).Most diamond core drills are equipped with a mast andpowered hoist for hoisting
45、heavy drill strings. A secondwireline hoist is helpful for wireline drilling.6.2.1 The drill rig frame is either skid or truck mounted andshould be equipped with a slide base for ease in workingaround the drill hole. In special cases, the drilling rig may bemounted on a trailer, barge (for overwater
46、 drilling), or columns(for underground work). Some drill rigs are designed to bebroken down into several pieces for transport into remoteareas. The drilling rig power unit may be powered byhydraulics, air, electricity, gas, or diesel. Most surface skid ortruck mounted rigs are diesel or gas powered.
47、6.2.2 Drilling directions are rarely vertical in undergroundapplications, and smaller rigs are frequently equipped withswivel heads to accommodate drilling at angles. Specialaccommodations must be made for holding and breaking rodswhen drilling at high angles into crowns of adits. Either topdrive dr
48、ill or column mount machines with hydraulic orpneumatic rod jacks are equipped to handle up holes. Forconfined space drilling operations, drills are column mountedor mounted on small skids. Special power sources may berequired for underground work due to air quality consider-ations. Remote power pac
49、k stations usually electric, hydraulic,compressed air, or a combination of the three. Electricallypowered hydraulic systems are most common in undergrounduse today6.2.3 The platform may need to be constructed at thedrilling site to provide a firm base upon which the drill rig isthen placed. Platforms are also constructed in the vicinity ofthe drill hole for workers to hold equipment, serve as a datum,and to allow safe operations.6.3 Fluid or Air Circulation Systems:6.3.1 Selection of Drill MediaThe two primary methodsfor circulating drill cuttings are water or
