1、Designation: D2130 13Standard Test Method forDiameter of Wool and Other Animal Fibers byMicroprojection1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2130; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using th
3、emicroprojector, for the determination of the average fiberdiameter and the fiber diameter variation on wool and otheranimal fibers, such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, camels hair,etc. (Note 1) in their various forms.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The met
4、ric equivalents of inch-pound unitsmay be approximate.NOTE 1This test method may also be applied to any fibers having around cross section and accordingly may be used many times formelt-spun man-made fibers such as polyamides, polyesters, and glass; alsoit may be applied to a limited number of polya
5、crylics and regeneratedcellulose type fibers. The values given in Appendix X1 for density andcorrection factors, however, apply only to wool and should not be used forother fibers. For suitable values for the density of other fibers, see Table5 in Test Methods D629, Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
6、.NOTE 2In subsequent sections of this test method, the term “wool”also signifies mohair or other fibers if the circumstances are applicable.NOTE 3For fineness specifications for wool, wool top, mohair, mohairtop, alpaca, and cashmere, refer to Specifications D3991 and D3992,Specification D2252, Test
7、 Method D2816.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Reference
8、d Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD584 Test Method for Wool Content of Raw WoolLaboratory ScaleD629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of TextilesD1060 Practice for Core Sampling of RawWool in Packagesfor Determination of Percentage of Clean Wool FiberPresentD17
9、76 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD2252 Specification for Fineness of Types of AlpacaD2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD2816 Test Method for Cashmere Coarse-Hair Content inCashmereD2968 Test Method for Med and Kemp Fibers in Wool andOther Animal Fibers by MicroprojectionD399
10、2 Specifications for Fineness of Wool Top or MohairTop and Assignment of GradeD4845 Terminology Relating to WoolE380 Practice for Use of the International System of Units(SI) (the Modernized Metric System) (Withdrawn 1997)32.2 Other Standards:Federal Standard, Official Standard of the United States
11、forGrades of Wool, Section 31.0, Measurement Method forDetermining Grade of Wool, Section 31.2044IWTO-8-66(E) Method of Determining Wool Fiber Diam-eter by the Projection Microscope53. Terminology3.1 For all terminology related to D13.13, Wool and Felt,see Terminology D4845.3.1.1 The following terms
12、 are relevant to this standard:average fiber diameter, grade.3.2 For definitions of all other textile terms see TerminologyD123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method describes procedures for samplingvarious forms of wool and other animal fibers, the reduction of1This test method is under the
13、 jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Felt.Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published August 2013. Originallyapproved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D2130 90 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/D2130-13.2For refere
14、nced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onw
15、ww.astm.org.4Service and Regulatory Announcement, No. 135, U. S. Department ofAgriculture, C but do notcard those from coring tubes smaller than 1.25 in. (30 mm)since loss of fiber may occur.8.1.3 Gridding and Machine BlendingFor samples otherthan those specified in 8.1.1 and 8.1.2, divide the sampl
16、e into40 portions of approximately equal size. From each portiondraw at random a sufficient quantity of fiber to provide a testspecimen of 20 g. Scour or otherwise clean the test specimen,of grease or pulled wool. Homogenize the clean specimen bycarding 3 times, breaking the web, and feeding at righ
17、t anglesafter the first and second passes; or by gilling 15 times,breaking, and combining the pieces of silver as required tomaintain a convenient length.8.2 Card Sliver Strip off portions of each of the ten 2-ft(600-mm) lengths of sliver (see 7.1.4). Combine these portionsto form a composite sliver
18、 about 2 ft in length. This constitutesthe test specimen.8.3 TopEach of the four sections of sliver comprising thesample (see 7.1.5) constitutes a test specimen.8.4 YarnThe yarn sections (see 7.2) constitute the testspecimen.8.5 FabricThe undisturbed piece of fabric or the teasedout yarns of the fab
19、ric (see 7.2) constitute the test specimen.9. Calibration of Microprojector9.1 Adjust the microprojector to produce a magnification of500 in the plane of the projected image. Do this by placing astage micrometer on the stage of the microprojector andbringing the microscope into such adjustment that
20、the lines ofthe micrometer are sharply focused in the center of the imageplane. An interval of 0.20 mm on the stage micrometer willthen measure 100 mm on the image plane, or 0.01 mm on themicrometer will measure 5 mm on the image plane. Allmeasurements must be made with the specimen in a plane atthe
21、 same distance from the stage as the lines on the stagemicrometer.10. Conditioning10.1 Precondition all test specimens to approximate equi-librium in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of 10 to25 % and a temperature of not over 122F (50C), thencondition the samples for at least4hinthestandard
22、atmo-sphere for testing textiles, 65 6 2 % relative humidity and 706 2F (21 6 1C), as directed in Practice D1776.11. Test Provisions11.1 Separate observations shall be made by two operators.11.2 Each operator shall independently prepare at least oneslide for each test specimen.FIG. 3 Wedge ScaleD213
23、0 13412. Preparation of Slides by Use of Heavy-Duty Cross-Section Device12.1 Compacting Specimen:12.1.1 Sliver Specimen At an area of the sliver, estimatedto be a full fiber length or more from the end, place thespecimen in the slot of the metal plate, compress with the key,and secure with the set s
24、crew.12.1.2 Bulk Specimen Draw small quantities of fiber atrandom, pack the assemblage of fibers into the slot, compressand secure as directed in 12.1.1.12.1.3 Yarn Specimen Pack the assemblage of yarn piecesinto the slot, compress, and secure as directed in 12.1.1.12.1.4 Fabric Specimen Pack the as
25、semblage of warp orfilling yarn pieces or diagonal cuts of fabric into the slot,compress, and secure as directed in 12.1.1. If it is known thatwarp and filling yarns are identical, make a diagonal cut ineach of the fabric samples. Segregate the warp and filling yarnswhen of different or unknown comp
26、osition and when necessaryto determine diameter and dispersion for each.12.2 Preliminary Sectioning of SpecimenCut off thegripped fibers at the upper and under surfaces of the plate.Extrude the fiber bundle about 0.50 mm to take up slack in thefibers and the propulsion mechanism. Moisten the project
27、ingfibers with a few drops of mounting medium. With a sharprazor blade, cut off this projecting fiber bundle flush with theupper surface of the fiber-holding plate, and discard thesection.12.3 Final Sectioning of SpecimenAgain extrude the fiberbundle approximately 0.25 mm (250 m). With the razor bla
28、de,cut off the projecting fibers flush with the plate, leaving thefiber pieces adhering to the razor blade.12.4 Mounting the Fibers on the SlidePlace a few drops ofmounting medium on a clean glass slide. With a dissectingneedle, scrape the fiber pieces from the blade onto the slide.Thoroughly disper
29、se the fibers in the oil with the dissectingneedle (Fig. 4), and cover the specimen with a cover glass.NOTE 5Use sufficient oil in the preparation of the slide to ensurethorough distribution of the fibers, but an excess must be avoided, aspractically no oil should be permitted to flow out or be sque
30、ezed outbeyond the borders of the cover glass. If the number of fibers is too greatto permit proper distribution on the slide, or if an excess of oil has beenused, wipe away a portion of the mixture after thorough dispersion of thefibers.13. Preparation of Slides by Use of the FRL Fiber Cutter13.1 C
31、utting Specimens:13.1.1 FabricUsing the equipment described in 6.3.3,with the razor blades in alignment and firmly secured, force theblades vertically downward into the warp fringe close to theedge of the fabric. Repeat the operation for the filling yarns. Ifthe warp and filling yarns are the same,
32、the cut may be madediagonally, sectioning the warp and filling yarns of the fabric atthe same time. Make a duplicate cut at the opposite side of thefabric. The individual cuts should include between 1500 and2000 fibers, approximately 250 m long.13.1.2 Yarns and Other Fiber AssembliesCut the prepared
33、woolen or worsted yarn specimens with the pieces arrayed asa unit, or other specimens of yarn, roving, and the like, in amanner similar to the procedure described in 13.1.1.13.2 Release of Cut SectionsRelease the top plate of thedevice, then remove the blades, holding the ends between thethumb and f
34、orefinger of one hand. By careful separation of theblades, the fiber sections will adhere to the edge of either blade.13.3 Mounting the Fibers on the SlideSee 12.4.14. Procedure14.1 Measure fibers the same day a slide is prepared.14.2 Place the finished (prepared) slide on the microprojec-tor stage
35、with the cover glass toward the objective (see 9.1).14.3 Plan the viewing traverses across the slide to ensurethat all portions under the glass are selected (sampled) for fibermeasurement.FIG. 4 Dispersion of Fibers on SlideD2130 13514.4 To measure a fiber, bring the midlength area into sharpfocus o
36、n the wedge scale. When correctly focused the fiberedges appear as fine lines, not as pronounced dark borders (Fig.5). However, the two edges of the fiber may not be in focus atthe same time. If both edges of the fiber are not uniformly infocus, adjust the focus so that one edge of the fiber appears
37、 asa fine line and the other edge shows as a bright line. Fiberimage width is regarded as the distance between the fine linesof both edges when they are uniformly in focus, or the fine lineof one edge and the inner side of the bright line at the otheredge when they are not uniformly in focus.14.4.1
38、At the midlength area of the fiber, measure the widthof the image by marking the wedge at the point where thewidth of the wedge scale coincides with the width of the fiberimage (Fig. 6). Position the wedge scale so the taper of thescale is opposite any taper in the fiber image.14.5 In the planned tr
39、averses, measure all fibers whosemidlength area comes within the field of a 4-in. (100-mm)diameter circle, centrally located in the projected area. Kempand med fibers which come within the field of measurement areto be measured for fiber diameter. Exclude from measurementfiber images shorter than 10
40、0 mm (200 m fiber) or longer than150 mm (300 m fiber) and those having a distorted image. Ifthe width of a fiber image is less than or greater than the limitsof the wedge scale, project the fiber image onto the border ofthe wedge scale and draw lines which coincide with the edgesof the midlength are
41、a. Measure the distance between the linesin millimetres and convert to micrometres; 1 mm is equal to 2m at a magnification of 500x.15. Number of Fibers15.1 The number of fibers to be measured depends on thevariability of the fiber diameters and the required or desiredprecision of the average. Calcul
42、ate the number by using Eq 1:n 5 t/E!2(1)where:n = number of fibers to be measured, = standard deviation of fiber diameters,E = allowable variation of the mean, m, andt = 1.960, the value of Students t for infinite degrees offreedom, two-sided limits, and a 95 % probability level,(t2= 3.842).15.2 Es
43、timates of standard deviation for the various gradesof wool and wool top, mohair and mohair top, and alpaca aregiven in Tables A1.1-A1.3, together with the calculated num-ber of fibers required for various confidence intervals of themean at a statistical probability of 0.95.16. Calculation16.1 From
44、the observations determined with the wedgescales calculate the pertinent information as shown in theexample (Table A1.4).17. Report17.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed inASTM Test Method D2130 and state the type and number ofsamples taken and the kind of material that was tested.17.
45、2 Report the following information:17.2.1 The average fiber diameter (X)inm.17.2.2 The fiber diameter distribution, where applicable.17.2.3 The standard deviation of fiber diameters, in m.17.2.4 The coefficient of variation of fiber diameters, %, v.17.2.5 The 95 % confidence limits for the lot mean.
46、18. Precision and Bias18.1 PrecisionEstimates of standard deviation for thevarious grades of wool and wool top, mohair and mohair top,and alpaca are given in Tables A1.1-A1.3, together with thecalculated number of fibers required for various confidenceintervals of the mean at a 95 % probability leve
47、l.18.2 BiasThe procedure in Test Method D2130 for mea-suring the diameter of wool fibers by microprojection is widelyaccepted in the trade as having no known bias and is generallyused as a referee method.19. Keywords19.1 animal fibers (except wool); diameter; wool(a) Correct (b) IncorrectFIG. 5 Corr
48、ectly and Incorrectly Focused FiberFIG. 6 Point to Mark Wedge Scale: Where Wedge and Fiber Im-age CoincideD2130 136ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. DATA FOR PRECISION OF MEASUREMENTS AND EXAMPLES OF CALCULATIONSA1.1 The estimates of standard deviation for the variousgrades of wool for determination o
49、f the number of fibers tomeasure at selected confidence limits and examples of calcu-lations listed in 15.1 and 15.2 are given in Tables A1.1-A1.4.TABLE A1.1 Wool and Wool Top:ANumber of Fibers to be Measured for Selected Confidence Limits of Mean inMicrometres, m at a 95 % Probability Level, forSelected Standard Deviation ValuesWool orWool TopGradeTypicalAverageStandardDeviation,mNumber of Fibers to beMeasured for 95 % Confidence Limits of LotMeans0.2m0.4m0.5mFiner than 4.00 1 537 384 24680s 4.00 1 537 384 24680s 4.40 1 859 465 29
