1、Designation: D2162 14D2162 17Standard Practice forBasic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity OilStandards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2162; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers the calibration of master viscometers and viscosity oil standards, both of which may be use
3、d to calibrateroutine viscometers as described in Test Method D445 and Specifications D446 over the temperature range from 15 C to 100 C.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.2.1 The SI-based units for calibrat
4、ion constants and kinematic viscosities are mm2/s2 and mm2/s, respectively.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determin
5、e the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of Internat
6、ional Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)D446 Specification
7、s and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic ViscometersD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement TablesD1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham PycnometerD1590 Test Method for Surf
8、ace Tension of WaterE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE563 Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bath as a Reference TemperatureE644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance ThermometersE1137 Specification for Industrial Platinum Resistance ThermometersE1750 Guid
9、e for Use of Water Triple Point CellsE2593 Guide for Accuracy Verification of Industrial Platinum Resistance ThermometersE2877 Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO 3666 Viscosity of Water3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 digital contact thermometer (DCT) , nan electronic dev
10、ice consisting of temperature measuring sensor in contact withthe material that provides an output to a digital display of the measured value.and associated temperature sensing probe.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants a
11、nd is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved June 1, 2014May 1, 2017. Published July 2014May 2017. Originally approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 20132014 asD2162 13.D2162 14. DOI: 10.1520/D2162-14.10.1520/D2162-17.2 For referenced
12、ASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.
13、, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all change
14、s accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
15、Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.1.1 DiscussionThis device consists of a temperature sensor connected to a measuring instrument; this instrument measures the temperature-dependent quantity of the sensor, computes the temperature from the measured quantit
16、y, and provides a digital output. This digitaloutput goes to a digital display and/or recording device that may be internal or external to the device. These devices are sometimesreferred to as a “digital thermometer”.thermometers.”NOTE 1Portable electronic thermometers (PET) is an acronym sometimes
17、used to refer to a subset of the devices covered by this definition.3.1.1.2 DiscussionPET is an acronym for portable electronic thermometers, a subset of digital contact thermometers (DCT).3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 basic calibration, ncalibration based on the primary s
18、tandard, water.3.2.1.1 DiscussionPure water has a kinematic viscosity of 1.0034 mm2/s at 20 C. See ISO 3666.3.2.2 master viscometer, nglass capillary viscometer with a liquid driving head of at least 400 mm.3.2.2.1 DiscussionIt is specially designed to minimize errors due to surface tension, kinetic
19、 energy, and capillary end effects.3.2.3 viscosity oil standard, nstable Newtonian liquid, the kinematic viscosity of which has been related to the kinematicviscosity of water through the step-up procedure described in this practice.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Two or more master viscometers, having ca
20、libration constants in the 0.001 mm2/s2 to 0.003 mm2/s2 range, are calibratedwith water at 20 C. The kinematic viscosities of two or more oil standards are measured at 40 C in these two master viscometers.Corrections are made for buoyancy and, where necessary, for temperature and surface tension.4.2
21、 Athird master viscometer, with a calibration constant of 0.003 mm2/s2 to 0.009 mm2/s2 , is then calibrated at 40 C with thetwo standard oils and its calibration factor calculated at standard conditions for water at 20 C. In like manner additional viscosityoil standards and additional master viscome
22、ters are calibrated at 40 C using the average results from at least two masterviscometers or two oil standards. Steps between successive calibration constants or viscosities increase by a factor of three or lessuntil the desired viscosity range is covered.4.3 Oils are calibrated at other temperature
23、s using the average result from at least two master viscometers.5. Significance and Use5.1 Because there are surface tension or kinematic viscosity differences, or both, between the primary standard (7.4) andkinematic viscosity standards (7.5), special procedures using master viscometers are require
24、d to “step-up” from the kinematicviscosity of the primary standard to the kinematic viscosities of oil standards.5.2 Using master viscometers calibrated according to this practice, an operator can calibrate kinematic viscometers inaccordance with Specifications D446.5.3 Using viscosity oil standards
25、 established in this practice, an operator can calibrate kinematic viscometers in accordance withSpecifications D446.6. Apparatus6.1 Master Viscometers: Cannon4 or Ubbelohde5 TypeAcceptable viscometers are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Two mastersare required with calibration constants in the 0.001 mm
26、2/s2 to 0.003 mm2/s2 range. Additional masters have factors increasing inthree-fold steps.6.2 Temperature Measuring DevicesUse either a digital contact thermometer (DCT) or a liquid-in-glass thermometer meetingthe requirements in 6.2.1 or 6.2.1.1 respectively:4 Cannon, M. R., “Viscosity Measurement,
27、 Master Viscometers,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Analytical Edition, Vol 16, 1944, p. 708.5 Ubbelohde, L., “The Suspended Lever Viscometer,” Journal Institute Petroleum Technologists (London), Vol 22, 1936, p. 37.D2162 1726.2.1 Digital Contact ThermometerA device conforming to Guide E2877
28、 Class A and meeting or exceeding the followingadditional requirements:(1) The only acceptable sensors are resistance temperature devices (RTD) or high precision thermistors. However a standardplatinum resistance thermometer (SPRT) is preferable.(2) Meeting Class A requirements of Guide E2877 prefer
29、ably with a minimum display resolution of 0.001 C.(3) A combined (display and probe) accuracy of 67 mK (0.007 C) at a 95 % confidence level over intended range of use.(4) A response time of less than 25 s as defined in Specification E1137.(5) Linearity of less than 7 mK (0.007 C) over the range of t
30、emperatures to be measured.(6) Both the temperature sensor and measurement bridge components of the DCT shall have a report of temperature calibrationfrom a calibration laboratory with a demonstrated competency in temperature calibration traceable to a national calibration ormetrology standards body
31、.(7) The calibration report shall include data for the series of test points which are appropriate for the range of intended use.(8) If the DCTdisplay unit (measuring instrument such as a bridge) is calibrated separate from the probe, it should be calibratedannually.6.2.1.1 The DCT probe is to be im
32、mersed by more than its minimum immersion depth in a constant temperature bath so thatthe center of the probes sensing region is at the same level as the lower half of the working capillary provided the probes minimumimmersion depth is met. The end of the probes sheath shall not extend past the bott
33、om of the viscometers lower reservoir.NOTE 1With respect to DCT probe immersion depth, a procedure is available in Test Methods E644, Section 7, for determining the minimum depth.With respect to an ice bath, Practice E563 provides guidance on the preparation of an ice bath however variance from the
34、specific steps is permittedprovided preparation is consistent as it is being used to track change in calibration.6.2.1.2 Verify the calibration at least annually.The probe shall be recalibrated when the check value differs by more than 0.01 Cfrom the last probe calibration. Verification can be accom
35、plished with the use of a water triple point cell, an ice bath or othersuitable constant temperature device which has a known temperature value of suitable precision. See Practice E563, Guide E1750,and Guide E2593 for more information regarding checking calibrations.FIG. 1 Cannon Master ViscometerD2
36、162 173D2162 1746.2.2 Liquid-in-Glass ThermometerKinematic viscosity thermometers having a range from 18.5 C to 21.5 C, or 38.5 C to41.5 C, and conforming to the requirements for Thermometers 44C and 120C, as prescribed in Specification E1, and calibratedto 65 mK (0.005 C). The thermometer shall hav
37、e a report of temperature calibration from a calibration laboratory with ademonstrated competency in temperature calibration traceable to a national calibration or metrology standards body.6.2.2.1 Calibration CheckVerify the thermometer at least annually against a reference thermometer in a constant
38、 temperaturebath or an ice bath. The thermometer is to be inserted to its immersion depth. If using an ice bath, the ice point reading is to betaken within 60 min after the thermometer has been at test temperature for at least 3 min. If the corrected temperature readingdeviates more than the calibra
39、tion tolerance from the reference thermometer or the ice point then repeat this calibration check. Ifthe thermometer deviates from the reference value on two successive checks then a full thermometer recalibration is needed.6.2.2.2 RecalibrationA complete recalibration of the liquid-in-glass thermom
40、eter, while permitted, is not necessary in orderto meet the accuracy ascribed to liquid-in-glass thermometers design until the thermometers corrected measured temperaturedeviates from the reference thermometer or ice point by one scale division, or until five years has elapsed since the last fullcal
41、ibration.6.3 BathA thermostated bath containing water or other transparent liquid deep enough to immerse the master viscometers sothat the upper fiducial mark is at least 50 mm below the surface. The efficiency of stirring and the balance between heat loss andinput must be such that the temperature
42、of the water does not vary by more than 60.01 C over the length of the viscometer orfrom one viscometer position to another. The working section of the bath should be shielded from direct radiation from heatersand lights.Astandard platinum resistance thermometer, approximately 450 mm in length, may
43、be used to ensure that the variationin temperature does not exceed 60.01 C. Firm supports should be provided to hold the master viscometer in a rigid andreproducible position within 0 15 min of vertical.6.4 TimerAspring-wound, electric, or digital timer capable of measuring time intervals of 300 s t
44、o 10 000 s with an accuracyof 60.03 %. The stop watch, fully but not tightly wound, must be used and tested in the same position. For example, if used at45 inclination, it should have been tested previously in that position. Electric, not electronic, timers must be operated on circuits,the frequenci
45、es of which are controlled. Commercial power sources, the frequencies of which are intermittently and notcontinuously controlled, are not satisfactory. Both mechanical and electric timers can be sensitive to abnormally low ambienttemperature and should not be used when cold.NOTE 2Time signals as bro
46、adcast by the National Institute of Standards and Technology are a convenient and primary standard reference forcalibrating timing devices. The following can be used:WWV Fort Collins, CO (2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20) MHzWWVH Kauai, HI (2.5, 5, 10, 15) MHzCHU Ottawa, Canada (3.33, 7.335, 14.67) MHzRadio broad
47、cast of voice and audio on a telephone line at phone number: 303-499-7111. Additional time services are available from the NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology.6.4.1 The timer shall be calibrated at least every 12 months.NOTE 3Alaboratorys measurement uncertainty is dependent on the perform
48、ance of the apparatus used. The uncertainty can be improved (decreased)by using equipment that exceeds (smaller tolerance) the minimum requirements shown in Section 6 as will rigorous maintenance of the equipment.7. Reagents7.1 Acetone, reagent grade. (WarningExtremely flammable.)7.2 Chromic Acid Cl
49、eaning Solution Carefully pour 1 L of concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4, relative density 1.84) into 35mL of a saturated solution of technical grade sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7) in water. Strongly oxidizing acid cleaning solutionscontaining no chromium6 may be substituted to avoid disposal problems of chromium-containing solutions. (WarningCausessevere burns.)7.3 Petroleum Spirit, or other solvent completely miscible with petroleum oils. (WarningCombustible. Vapor harmful.)7.4 Primary Standard Water, deionized or distilled,
