1、Designation: D 2167 94 (Reapproved 2001)Standard Test Method forDensity and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the RubberBalloon Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2167; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test meth
3、od covers the determination of the in-place density and unit weight of compacted or firmly bondedsoil using a rubber balloon apparatus.1.2 This test method is suitable for use as a means ofacceptance for compacted fill or embankments constructed offine-grained soils or granular soils without appreci
4、ableamounts of rock or coarse material.1.3 This test method also may be used for the determinationof the in-place density and unit weight of undisturbed or in situsoils, provided the soil will not deform under the pressuresimposed during the test.1.4 This test method is not suitable for use in organ
5、ic,saturated, or highly plastic soils that would deform under thepressures applied during this test. This test method may requirespecial care for use on (1) soils consisting of unbondedgranular materials that will not maintain stable sides in a smallhole, (2) soils containing appreciable amounts of
6、coarsematerial in excess of 112 in. (37.5 mm), (3) granular soilshaving high void ratios, or (4) fill materials containing particleswith sharp edges. For soils containing appreciable amounts ofparticles in excess of 112 in. (37.5 mm), Test Methods D 4914or D 5030 should be used.1.5 It is common prac
7、tice in the engineering profession toconcurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm)and a unit of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separatesystems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravita-tional system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the useof two s
8、eparate sets of inch-pound units within a singlestandard. This standard has been written using the gravitationalsystem of units when dealing with the inch-pound system. Inthis system the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight).However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds ofmass lb
9、m/ft3should not be regarded as nonconforming withthis test method.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the app
10、lica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids2D 698 Test Methods for Moisture-Density Relations ofSoils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures, Using 5.5-lb (2.49-kg)Rammer and 12-in. (305-mm) Drop2D 15
11、57 Test Methods for Moisture-Density Relations ofSoils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures Using 10-lb (4.54-kg)Rammer and 18-in. (457-mm) Drop2D 2216 Method for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil, Rock, and Soil-AggregateMixtures2D 3740 Practice for the Evaluation of Agencies Engag
12、ed inTesting and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and Construction2D 4643 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soils by the Microwave Oven Method2D 4718 Practice for the Correction of Unit Weight andWater Content for Soils Containing Oversize Particl
13、es2D 4753 Specification for Evaluating, Selecting, and Speci-fying Balances and Scales for Use in Testing Soil, Rock,and Related Construction Materials2D 4914 Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock in Placeby the Sand Replacement Method in a Test Pit2D 4944 Test Method for Field Determination of W
14、ater(Moisture) Content of Soil by the Calcium Carbide GasPressure Tester2D 4959 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soils by the Direct Heating Method2D 5030 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soiland Rock in Place by the Water Replacement Method in aTest Pit21This te
15、st method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special andConstruction Control Tests.Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2001. Published April 1994. Originallypublished as D 2167 63 T. Last previous edition D 2167 66
16、(1990).2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Summary of Test Method3.1 The volume of an excavated hole in a given soil isdetermined using a liquid-filled calibrated vessel for fi
17、lling athin flexible rubber membrane; this membrane is displaced tofill the hole. The in-place wet density is determined by dividingthe wet mass of the soil removed by the volume of the hole.The water (moisture) content and the in-place wet density areused to calculate the dry in-place density and d
18、ry unit weight.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method can be used to determine the in-placedensity and unit weight of natural inorganic soil deposits,soil-aggregate mixtures, or other similar firm materials.4.2 This test method may be used to determine the densityand unit weight of compacted so
19、ils used in construction ofearth embankments, road fill, and structural backfill. This testmethod often is used as a basis of acceptance for soilscompacted to a specified density or a percentage of maximumdensity or unit weight, as determined by a standard testmethod.4.3 The use of this test method
20、is generally limited to soil inan unsaturated condition and is not recommended for soils thatare soft or that deform easily. Such soils may undergo a volumechange during the application of pressure during testing. Thistest method may not be suitable for soils containing crushedrock fragments or shar
21、p edge materials which may puncture therubber membrane.NOTE 1Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias con-tained in this test method, the precision of this test method is dependent onthe competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of theequipment and the facilities used
22、. Agencies that meet the criteria ofPractice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent andobjective testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliancewith Practice D 3740 does not in itself ensure reliable testing. Reliabletesting depends on many factors; Practice D 3740 pro
23、vides a means ofevaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Balloon ApparatusThis is a calibrated vessel contain-ing a liquid within a relatively thin, flexible, elastic membrane(rubber balloon) designed for measuring the volume of the testhole under the conditions of this test method. An examp
24、le ofthe essential elements for this apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. Theapparatus shall be equipped so that an externally controlledpressure or partial vacuum can be applied to the containedliquid. It shall be of such weight and size that will not causedistortion of the excavated test hole and adjacen
25、t test areaduring the performance of the test. The apparatus shall providefor the use of an integral pressure gage or other means forcontrolling the applied pressure during calibration and testing.Provision shall be made for placing loads (surcharge) on theapparatus. There shall be an indicator for
26、determining thevolume of the test hole to the nearest 1 %. The flexiblemembrane shall be of such size and shape as to fill the test holecompletely without wrinkles or folds when inflated within thetest hole, and the membrane strength shall be sufficient towithstand such pressure as is necessary to e
27、nsure completefilling of the test hole without loss of liquid. Withdrawal of themembrane from the test hole shall be accomplished by theapplication of a partial vacuum to the liquid or by other means.5.1.1 The description and requirements given are intendedto be nonrestrictive. Any apparatus using a
28、 flexible (rubber)membrane and liquid that can be used to measure within anaccuracy of 1 % the volume of a test hole in soil under theconditions of this test method is satisfactory. Larger apparatusand test hole volumes are required when particles over 1 1/2 in.(37.5 mm) are prevalent in the materia
29、l being tested.FIG. 1 Schematic Drawing of Calibrated Vessel Indicating Principle (Not to Scale)D 2167 94 (2001)25.2 Base PlateArigid metal plate machined to fit the baseof the balloon apparatus. The base plate shall have a minimumdimension of at least twice the test hole diameter to preventdeformat
30、ion of the test hole while supporting the apparatus andsurcharge loads (if used).5.3 Balances or ScalesA balance or scale having a mini-mum capacity of 20 kg meeting the requirements of Specifi-cation D 4753 for a balance of 5.0 g readability. Balances orscales required for moisture determination or
31、 oversize correc-tion are contained in those standards.5.4 Drying ApparatusEquipment or ovens, or both, forthe determination of moisture content in accordance with TestMethods D 2216, D 4643, D 4959, or D 4944.5.5 Miscellaneous EquipmentEquipment including: smallpicks, chisels, spoons, brushes, and
32、screwdrivers for diggingtest holes; plastic bags, buckets with lids, or other suitablemoisture proof containers with snug fitting lids for retaining thesoil taken from the test hole; shovels or spades and a straightedge for leveling and preparing test location; calculator or sliderule for calculatio
33、ns; and surcharge weights, if required, forapparatus.6. Calibration6.1 Prior to first use, verify the procedure to be used and theaccuracy of the volume indicator by using the apparatus tomeasure containers or molds of known volume in accordancewith Annex A1.6.2 Apparatus calibration checks should b
34、e periodicallyperformed. These should be performed annually, as a mini-mum, and whenever damage, repair, or change of membranethat may affect the pressure or volume indicating portions ofthe apparatus occurs.7. Procedure7.1 Prepare the surface at the test location so that it isreasonably plane and l
35、evel. Dependent on the water (moisture)content and texture of the soil, the surface may be leveled usinga bulldozer or other heavy equipment blades, provided the testarea is not deformed, compressed, torn, or otherwise disturbed.7.2 Assemble the base plate and rubber balloon apparatuson the test loc
36、ation. Using the same pressure and surchargedetermined during the calibration of the apparatus, take aninitial reading on the volume indicator and record. The baseplate shall remain in place through completion of the test.7.3 Remove the apparatus from the test hole location. Usingspoons, trowels, an
37、d other tools necessary, dig a hole within thebase plate. Exercise care in digging the test hole so that soilaround the top edge of the hole is not disturbed. The test holeshall be of the minimum volume shown in Table 1 based on themaximum particle size in the soil being tested. When materialbeing t
38、ested contains a small amount of oversize, and isolatedlarge particles are encountered, the test can be moved to a newlocation or the changing to another test method, such as TestMethod D 4914 or D 5030. When particles larger than 112 in.(37.5 mm) are prevalent, larger test apparatus and test volume
39、sare required. Larger test-hole volumes will provide improvedaccuracy and shall be used where practical. The optimumdimensions of the test hole are related to the design of theapparatus and the pressure used. In general, the dimensionsshall approximate those used in the calibration check proce-dure.
40、 The test hole shall be kept as free of pockets and sharpobtrusions as possible, since they may affect accuracy or maypuncture the rubber membrane. Place all soil removed from thetest hole in a moisture tight container for later mass and water(moisture) content determination.7.4 After the test hole
41、has been dug, place the apparatusover the base plate in the same position as used for the initialreading. Applying the same pressure and surcharge load asused in the calibration check, take and record the reading onthe volume indicator. The difference between the initial andfinal readings is the vol
42、ume of the test hole, Vh.7.5 Determine the mass of all the moist soil removed fromthe test hole to the nearest 5 g. Mix all the soil thoroughly andselect a representative water (moisture) content sample anddetermine the water (moisture) content in accordance with TestMethods D 2216, D 4643, D 4959,
43、or D 4944. If oversizeparticles are present in the, perform field corrections inaccordance with Test Method D 4718.8. Calculation8.1 Calculate the in-place wet density, rwet, of the soilremoved from the test hole as follows:rwet5MwetVh1 3 103!(1)where:rwet= in-place wet density, mg/m3,Mwet= mass of
44、the moist soil removed from the test hole,kg, andVh= volume of the test hole, m3.NOTE 2m3=ft3(0.02832).NOTE 3Calculations shown are for using units in grams and cubicmetres. Other units are permissible provided the appropriate conversionfactors are used to maintain consistency of units throughout th
45、e calcula-tions.8.2 Calculate the in-place dry density, rd, of the soil asfollows:rd5rwetS1 1w100D(2)where:rd= in-place dry density, mg/m3,rwet= in-place wet density, mg/m3, andw = water (moisture) content of the soil removed fromthe test hole, expressed as a percentage of the drymass of the soil to
46、 the nearest 1 %.8.3 Calculate the in-place dry unit weight, dd, as follows:dd5rd9.807 ! in kN/m3(3)TABLE 1 Minimum Test Hole Volumes Based on Maximum Sizeof Included ParticlesMaximum Particle Size Minimum Test Hole Volumesin. (mm) cm3ft31/2 (12.5) 1420 0.051 (25.0) 2120 0.07511/2 (37.5) 2840 0.1D 2
47、167 94 (2001)3dd5rd62.43! in lbf/ft3where:dd= in-place dry unit weight, andrd= in-place dry density, mg/m3.NOTE 4It may be desirable to express the in-place density as apercentage of some other density or unit weight, for example, thelaboratory maximum dry density or unit weight as determined in acc
48、or-dance with Test Methods D 698. This relationship can be determined bydividing the in-place dry density or unit weight by the maximum drydensity or unit weight, respectively, and multiplying by 100.9. Report9.1 Report, as a minimum, the following information:9.1.1 Test location,9.1.2 Test location
49、 elevation,9.1.3 Test hole volume, m3,9.1.4 In-place wet density, mg/m3,9.1.5 In-place dry unit weight, kN/m3(rd3 9.807), or lb/ft3(rd3 62.43), expressed to the nearest .1 kN/m3or 1.0 forlb/ft3.9.1.6 In-place water content of the soil expressed as apercentage of dry mass, and the test method used.9.1.7 Water (moisture) content of the soil expressed as apercentage of dry mass,9.1.8 Test apparatus identity and operating pressure used,9.1.9 Comments on test, as applicable, and9.1.10 Visual description of the soil.9.1.11 If the in-place dry density or unit weight is expr
