1、Designation: D217 10Designation: 50/88Standard Test Methods forCone Penetration of Lubricating Grease1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D217; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover four procedures for me
3、asuringthe consistency of lubricating greases by the penetration of acone of specified dimensions, mass, and finish. The penetrationis measured in tenths of a millimetre.NOTE 1The National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI)2classifiedgreases according to their consistency as measured by the workedp
4、enetration. The classification system is as follows:NLGIConsistency NumberWorked Penetration Range,25C (77F)000 445 to 47500 400 to 4300 355 to 3851 310 to 3402 265 to 2953 220 to 2504 175 to 2055 130 to 1606 85to1151.1.1 The procedures for unworked, worked, and prolongedworked penetration are appli
5、cable to greases having penetra-tions between 85 and 475, that is, to greases with consistencynumbers between NLGI 6 and NLGI 000. An undisturbedpenetration test, described in Appendix X1, is similar to theunworked penetration test.1.1.2 The block penetration procedure is applicable togreases that a
6、re sufficiently hard to hold their shape. Suchgreases usually have penetrations below eighty-five tenths of amillimetre.1.1.3 Unworked penetrations do not generally represent theconsistency of greases in use as effectively as do workedpenetrations. The latter are usually preferred for inspectinglubr
7、icating greases.1.2 None of the four procedures is considered suitable forthe measurement of the consistency of petrolatums by penetra-tion. Test Method D937 should be used for such products.1.3 The dimensions of the equipment described in these testmethods are given in inches and fractions of an in
8、ch. Theseunits were retained because a vast body of data has beenobtained using equipment with the dimensions shown. Metricequivalency tables are provided with each figure. Temperaturesand other dimensions are given in the preferred SI units; thevalues shown in parentheses are provided for informati
9、on.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Reference
10、d Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D937 Test Method for Cone Penetration of PetrolatumD1403 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of LubricatingGrease Using One-Quarter and One-Half Scale ConeEquipment3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 consistency, nof lubricating grease, the degree ofresistance to movemen
11、t under stress.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe term consistency is used some-what synonymously with penetration. Generally, consistencyrefers to the worked penetration of a grease.3.1.2 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.3.1.3 lubricating gre
12、ase, na semi-fluid to solid product ofa dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe dispersion of the thickener forms atwo-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant by1These test methods are the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants
13、and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.G0.02 on Consistency and Related Rheological Tests. In the IP, these testmethods are under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee. These testmethods were adopted as a joint ASTM-IP standard in 1969.Current edition approved May 1, 2010.
14、Published June 2010. Originallyapproved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D21702(2007). DOI:10.1520/D0217-10.2National Lubricating Grease Institute, 4635 Wyandotte St., Kansas City, MO64112-1596.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cus
15、tomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke
16、n, PA 19428-2959, United States.surface tension and other physical forces. Other ingredients arecommonly included to impart special properties.3.1.4 penetrometer, nan instrument that measures theconsistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials bymeasuring the depth to which a specified c
17、one or needle undera given force falls into the material.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIn this test method, either a standardpenetrometer 6.2 or an optional penetrometer cone A1.3 can beused to determine the consistency of lubricating greases. Thepenetration force is determined by the mass of the cone and thesh
18、aft.3.1.5 thickener, nin lubricating grease, a substance com-posed of finely divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricantto form the products structure.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThe thickener can be fibers (such asvarious metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certainnon-soap thickeners) which a
19、re insoluble or, at most, only veryslightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The general require-ments are that the solid particles be extremely small, uniformlydispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable, gel-likestructure with the liquid lubricant.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to Thi
20、s Standard:3.2.1 block penetration, nof lubricating grease, the pen-etration at 25C (77F) determined on the freshly prepared faceof a cube cut from a sample that is sufficiently hard to hold itsshape.3.2.2 penetration, nof lubricating grease, the depth thatthe standard cone (see A1.1), enters the sa
21、mple when releasedto fall under its own weight for 5 s.3.2.3 penetrometer, nan instrument (see Fig. 1) designedto measure the depth to which the standard cone falls into thegrease.3.2.4 prolonged worked penetration, nof lubricatinggrease, the penetration of a sample after it has been workedmore than
22、 60 double strokes in a standard grease worker at atemperature of 15 to 30C (59 to 86F).3.2.4.1 DiscussionAfter the prescribed number of doublestrokes, the worker and contents are brought to 25C (77F),worked an additional 60 double strokes, and penetrated withoutdelay.3.2.5 unworked penetration, nof
23、 lubricating grease, thepenetration at 25C (77F) of a sample that has received onlyminimum disturbance in transferring to a grease worker cup ordimensionally equivalent rigid container.3.2.6 worked penetration, nof lubricating grease, thepenetration at 25C (77F), without delay, of a sample after 60d
24、ouble strokes in a standard grease worker.3.2.7 working, nof lubricating grease, the subjection of asample to the shearing action of the standard grease worker.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 For unworked penetration, the sample is brought to 256 0.5C (77 6 1F) using a temperature bath. The sample isth
25、en transferred with as little manipulation as possible into aworker cup (or other suitable container), if not placed therebefore the temperature stabilization step. The cone assembly ofthe penetrometer is released and allowed to drop freely into thegrease for 5 6 0.1 s. Three determinations are made
26、 andaveraged to give the reported result.4.2 For worked penetration, the sample is brought to 25 60.5C (77 6 1F) and placed in the worker cup. The sample issubjected to 60 double strokes in the grease worker. Thepenetration is determined immediately by releasing the coneassembly from the penetromete
27、r and allowing the cone to dropfreely into the grease for 5 6 0.1 s. Three determinations aremade and averaged to give the reported result.4.3 For prolonged worked penetration, the sample is placedin the worker cup and subjected to a predetermined number ofdouble strokes in the grease worker. Follow
28、ing completion ofthe prolonged working, the grease and worker assembly arebrought to 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F) and the grease is worked anadditional 60 double strokes in the grease worker. The pen-etration is determined immediately by releasing the coneassembly from the penetrometer and allowing the cone
29、to dropfreely into the grease for 5 6 0.1 s. Three determinations aremade and averaged to give the reported result.4.4 For block penetration, a cube of the grease is preparedby slicing off a thin layer using the grease cutter. The cube ofgrease is brought to 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F) and placed on thepene
30、trometer table with the prepared face upward. The pen-etration is determined by releasing the cone assembly from thepenetrometer and allowing the cone to drop freely into thegrease for 5 6 0.1 s. Three determinations are made andaveraged to give the reported result.5. Significance and Use5.1 These c
31、one penetration tests not only evaluate theconsistency of lubricating greases over the full range of NLGIFIG. 1 PenetrometerD217 102numbers from 000 to 6, but also evaluate the consistency ofstiff greases having penetration numbers less than 85. Incontrast, Test Method D937 is aimed at petrolatums a
32、nd TestMethod D1403 uses less precise one-quarter and one-half scaleequipment intended for use when the sample quantity islimited.5.2 Cone penetration test results provide one measure of theconsistency of a grease. Worked penetration results are re-quired to determine to which NLGI consistency grade
33、 a greasebelongs. Undisturbed penetration results provide a means ofevaluating the effect of storage conditions on grease consis-tency.5.3 Although no correlation has been developed betweencone penetration results and field service, the cone penetrationsobtained by the four procedures are widely use
34、d for specifica-tion purposes, such as in users material specifications andsuppliers manufacturing specifications.6. Apparatus6.1 Penetrometer, in accordance with A1.1. The instrumentshall be capable of indicating depth in tenths of a millimetre. Asketch of a generic penetrometer is shown in Fig. 1.
35、6.2 Standard Penetrometer Cone, in accordance with A1.2,is suitable for all penetrations. An optional penetrometer cone,in accordance with A1.3, is suitable only for penetrations lessthan 400. The optional cone should not be used to measure thepenetration of 00 and 000 grade greases.6.3 Grease Worke
36、r, comprising a grease cup, cover, andplunger assembly, in accordance with A1.4, constructed foreither manual or mechanical operation.6.3.1 Grease Worker Drive, Manual, in accordance withA1.5, which allows for working the grease at a rate of 60 6 10double strokes per minute.6.3.2 Grease Worker Drive
37、, Motorized, in accordance withA1.6, which allows for working the grease at a rate of 60 6 10double strokes per minute. This apparatus is essential for theworking step of the prolonged worked penetration procedure.6.4 Grease Cutter, in accordance with A1.7, is used forpreparation of samples for bloc
38、k penetration.6.5 Temperature Bath, capable of controlling the bath tem-perature at 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F) and designed to bring theassembled grease worker to test temperature conveniently.Examples of suitable temperature baths include a water bath,air bath, constant temperature test room, or a tempera
39、ture-controlled metal block. If a water bath is to be used for samplesfor unworked penetration, means should be provided forprotecting the grease surface from water and for maintainingthe air above the sample at test temperature. An air bath ispreferred for bringing block greases to test temperature
40、, but atightly sealed container placed in a water bath will suffice.6.6 Spatula, corrosion-resistant, having a stiff blade nomi-nally 32 mm (1.25 in.) wide and at least 150 mm (6 in.) long.6.7 Temperature-Measuring Device, with a sheath length ofapproximately 200 mm (8 in.) and a sheath diameter ofa
41、pproximately 3.7 mm (0.145 in.) (small enough to fit throughthe vent cock). The temperature range of the device should bewide enough to allow it to be immersed in grease at approxi-mately 38C (100F) without damage. The scale should havesmall enough divisions (or digital resolution) to allow the user
42、to read 60.5C (61F). A spacer can be applied to the upperportion of the sheath to hold the tip just above the perforatedplate of the grease worker and in the bulk of the sample (seeA1.3).6.8 Overflow Ring (optional), in accordance with A1.8,isauseful device for catching grease scraped from the sampl
43、esurface as well as any grease forced by the penetrometer coneto overflow from the cup. This grease can be returned to theworker cup for subsequent testing.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Appropriate Volatile Gum-free Solvent, for example,light petroleum naphtha.7.2 Cloth or Paper Wiper, for wiping gre
44、ase from thepenetrometer cone. The wiper should be soft, so as not toscratch the cone.8. Sampling8.1 Sample SizeSufficient sample (at least 0.45 kg (1.1lb) to overfill the cup of the standard grease worker isrequired. If the sample size is insufficient and penetrationranges from NLGI 0 to 4, use Tes
45、t Method D1403.8.1.1 For block penetration, obtain a sufficient size sampleof the grease, which must be hard enough to hold its shape, topermit cutting from it a 50-mm (2-in.) cube as a test specimen.8.2 Sample PreparationSamples are prepared for thevarious cone penetration test methods as follows:8
46、.2.1 Unworked PenetrationPrior to performing the test,the grease sample (if necessary, in a suitable container or in theworker cup) and the test equipment (worker cup and cone)must all be at a standard temperature of 25 6 0.5C (77 61F). This can be achieved by the use of a temperature bath(Section 6
47、.5) or a combination of different temperature baths,It is important to allow sufficient time for the grease and testequipment to reach 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F). Additional timewill be required to achieve a consistent temperature of 25 60.5C (77 6 1F) if the sample is larger than 0.45 kg (1.1 lb),or if th
48、e initial sample temperature differs from 25C by morethan about 8C (15F). If the grease sample and equipment arealready at the correct temperature before the sample is placedinto the worker cup, there is no need to further stabilize thesample once it has been placed in the cup. Testing may proceedif
49、 the specimen is at a uniform temperature of 25 6 0.5C.Transfer the specimen, preferably in one lump, to overfill thecup of the grease worker or other container. Make this transferin such a manner that the grease will be worked as little aspossible.8.2.1.1 Preparing Sample for MeasurementJar the cup todrive out trapped air and pack the grease with the spatula, withas little manipulation as possible, to obtain a cupful without airpockets. Scrape off the excess grease extending over the rim,creating a flat surface, by moving
