1、Designation: D 2170 07Designation: 319/84 (89)Standard Test Method forKinematic Viscosity of Asphalts (Bitumens)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2170; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers procedures
3、 for the determina-tion of kinematic viscosity of liquid asphalts (bitumens), roadoils and distillation residues of liquid asphalts (bitumens) all at60C (140F) and of asphalt cements at 135C (275F) (Note1) in the range from 6 to 100 000 mm2/s (cSt).1.2 Results of this test method can be used to calc
4、ulateviscosity when the density of the test material at the testtemperature is known or can be determined. See Annex A1 forthe method of calculation.NOTE 1This test method is suitable for use at other temperatures andat lower kinematic viscosities, but the precision is based on determinationson liqu
5、id asphalts and road oils at 60C (140F) and on asphalt cementsat 135C (275F) only in the viscosity range from 30 to 6000 mm2/s (cSt).1.3 WarningMercury has been designated by UnitedStates Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA) and many stateagencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervo
6、ussystem, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may behazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution shouldbe taken when handling mercury and mercury containingproducts. See the applicable product Material Safety DataSheet (MSDS) for details and EPAs websitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercu
7、ry/faq.htmfor additional information.Users should be aware that selling mercury, mercury contain-ing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by statelaw.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the
8、 user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD92 Tes
9、t Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD 341 Test Method for Viscosity-Temperature Charts forLiquid Petroleum ProductsD 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D 446 Specifications and Operating Instructio
10、ns for GlassCapillary Kinematic ViscometersD 2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscom-eters and Viscosity Oil StandardsD 2493 Standard Viscosity-Temperature Chart for AsphaltsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mom
11、eters3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 densitythe mass per unit volume of liquid and thecgs unit of density is 1 g/cm3. The SI unit of density is 1 kg/m3.3.1.2 kinematic viscositythe ratio of the viscosity to thedensity of a liquid. It is a measure of the resistance to flow ofa liquid under gravit
12、y. The SI unit of kinematic viscosity ism2/s; for practical use, a submultiple (mm2/s) is more conve-nient. The cgs unit of kinematic viscosity is 1 cm2/s and iscalled a stoke (symbol St). The centistoke (1 cSt = 102St) is1mm2/s and is often used.3.1.3 Newtonian liquida liquid in which the rate of s
13、hearis proportional to the shearing stress. The constant ratio of the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.44 onRheological Tests. In the IP this test method is under the jurisdiction of theS
14、tandardization Committee.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published December 2007. Originallyapproved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 2170 01a (2006).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. F
15、or Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.shearing stress to the rate of shear is the viscosity of the liquid.I
16、f the ratio is not constant, the liquid is non-Newtonian.3.1.4 viscositythe ratio between the applied shear stressand rate of shear is called the coefficient of viscosity. Thiscoefficient is a measure of the resistance to flow of a liquid. Itis commonly called the viscosity of the liquid. The cgs un
17、it ofviscosity is 1 g/cms (1 dynes/cm2) and is called a poise (P).The SI unit of viscosity is 1 Pas (1 Ns/m2) and is equivalentto 10 P.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The time is measured for a fixed volume of the liquid toflow through the capillary of a calibrated glass capillaryviscometer under an ac
18、curately reproducible head and at aclosely controlled temperature. The kinematic viscosity is thencalculated by multiplying the efflux time in seconds by theviscometer calibration factor.5. Significance and Use5.1 The kinematic viscosity characterizes flow behavior.The method is used to determine th
19、e consistency of bitumen asone element in establishing the uniformity of shipments orsources of supply. The specifications are usually at tempera-tures of 60 and 135C.6. Apparatus6.1 Viscometers, capillary-type, made of borosilicate glass,annealed, suitable for this test are described in Annex A2 an
20、dinclude the following:6.1.1 Cannon-Fenske viscometer for opaque liquids,6.1.2 Zeitfuchs cross-arm viscometer,6.1.3 Lantz-Zeitfuchs viscometer,6.1.4 BS U-Tube modified reverse flow viscometer.6.1.5 Calibrated viscometers are available from commercialsuppliers. Details regarding calibration of viscom
21、eters aregiven in Annex A3.6.2 ThermometersCalibrated liquid-in-glass thermom-eters of an accuracy after correction of 0.02C (0.04F) can beused or any other thermometric device of equal accuracy.ASTM Kinematic Viscosity Thermometers 47C and 47F con-forming to Specification E1, and IP 35C and 35F are
22、 suitablefor use at 60C (140F) and ASTM Kinematic ViscosityThermometers 110C and 110F are suitable for use at 135C(275F).6.2.1 The specified thermometers are standardized at “totalimmersion,” which means immersion to the top of the mercurycolumn with the remainder of the stem and the expansionchambe
23、r at the top of the thermometer exposed to roomtemperature. The practice of completely submerging the ther-mometer is not recommended. When thermometers are com-pletely submerged, corrections for each individual thermom-eter based on calibration under conditions of completesubmergence must be determ
24、ined and applied. If the thermom-eter is completely submerged in the bath during use, thepressure of the gas in the expansion chamber will be higher orlower than during standardization, and may cause high or lowreadings on the thermometer. Thermometric devices for thistest method must be standardize
25、d at least every 6 months.6.2.2 It is essential that liquid-in-glass thermometers becalibrated periodically using the technique given in TestMethod E77(see Appendix X1).6.3 BathA bath suitable for immersion of the viscometerso that the liquid reservoir or the top of the capillary, whicheveris upperm
26、ost, is at least 20 mm below the upper bath level, andwith provisions for visibility of the viscometer and the ther-mometer. Firm supports for the viscometer shall be provided,or the viscometer may be an integral part of the bath. Theefficiency of the stirring and the balance between heat lossesand
27、heat input must be such that the temperature of the bathmedium does not vary by more than 60.03C (60.05F) overthe length of the viscometer, or from viscometer to viscometerin the various bath positions at 60C (140F). The variation at135C (275F) must not exceed 60.03C (60.05F).NOTE 2Distilled water i
28、s a suitable bath liquid for determinations at60C (140F). USPWhite Oil with a flash point above 215C (420F) hasbeen found suitable for determinations at 135C (275F). The flash pointis determined in accordance with Test Method D92.6.4 TimerA stop watch or other timing device graduatedin divisions of
29、0.1 s or less and accurate to within 0.05 % whentested over intervals of not less than 15 min.Timing devices forthis test method must be calibrated at least every 6 months.6.4.1 Electrical Timing Devices may be used only on elec-trical circuits the frequencies of which are controlled to anaccuracy o
30、f 0.05 % or better.6.4.1.1 Alternating currents, the frequencies of which areintermittently and not continuously controlled, as provided bysome public power systems, can cause large errors, particularlyover short timing intervals, when used to actuate electricaltiming devices.7. Preparation of Sampl
31、e7.1 To minimize loss of volatile constituents and to obtainreproducible results, proceed as follows:TABLE 1 Acceptability of Test Results for Kinematic ViscosityNOTE 1The values given in column 2 are the coefficients of variationthat have been found to be appropriate for the materials and condition
32、s oftest described in column 1.The values given in column 3 are the limits thatshould not be exceeded by the difference between the results of twoproperly conducted tests.Material and Type IndexCoefficient ofVariation (% ofmean)AAcceptableRangeof Two Results(% of mean)ASingle-operator precision:Asph
33、alt cements at 135C(275F)0.64 1.8Liquid asphalts at 60C (140F):below 3000 mm2/s (cSt) 0.53 1.53000 to 6000 mm2/s (cSt) 0.71 2.06000 mm2/s (cSt) and above 3.2 8.9Multilaboratory precision:Asphalt cements at 135C(275F)3.1 8.8Liquid asphalts at 60C (140F):below 3000 mm2/s (cSt) 1.06 3.03000 to 6000 mm2
34、/s (cSt)B3.11 9.0above 6000 mm2/s (cSt)B3.6 10.0AThese numbers represent, respectively, the (1s %) and (d2s %) limits asdescribed in Practice C 670.BBased on less than 30 degrees of freedom.D21700727.1.1 Procedure for Liquid Asphalt (Bitumen) and Road Oil:7.1.1.1 Allow sealed samples, as received, t
35、o reach roomtemperature.7.1.1.2 Open the sample container and mix the samplethoroughly by stirring for 30 s taking care to avoid theentrapment of air. If the sample is too viscous for such stirring,place the sample in the tightly sealed container in a bath oroven maintained at 63 6 3C (145 6 5F) unt
36、il it becomessufficiently liquid for stirring.7.1.1.3 Immediately charge the viscometer, or, if the test isto be made at a later time, pour approximately 20 mL into oneor more clean, dry containers having a capacity of approxi-mately 30 mL and immediately seal with an airtight closure.7.1.1.4 For ma
37、terials with kinematic viscosities at 60C(140F) above 800 mm2/s (cSt), heat the 20-mL sample in thesealed container in an oven or bath maintained at 63 6 3C(1456 5F) until it is sufficiently liquid for a convenienttransfer into the viscometer. Such heating should not exceed 30min.7.1.2 Procedure for
38、 Asphalt Cement:7.1.2.1 Heat the sample with care to prevent local overheat-ing until it has become sufficiently fluid to pour, occasionallystirring the sample to aid heat transfer and to assure uniformity.7.1.2.2 Transfer a minimum of 20 mL into a suitablecontainer and heat to 135 6 5.5C (275 6 10F
39、), stirringoccasionally to prevent local overheating and taking care toavoid the entrapment of air.8. Procedure8.1 The specific details of operation vary somewhat for thevarious types of viscometers. See the detailed descriptions ofviscometers in Annex A2 for instructions for using the type ofviscom
40、eter selected. In all cases, however, follow the generalprocedure described in 8.2 to 8.8.8.2 Maintain the bath at the test temperature within60.01C (60.02F) for test temperature of 60C (140F) andwithin 60.03C (60.05F) for test temperature of 135C(275F). Apply the necessary corrections, if any, to a
41、ll ther-mometer readings.8.3 Select a clean, dry viscometer which will give an effluxtime greater than 60 s and preheat to test temperature.8.4 Charge the viscometer in the manner dictated by thedesign of the instrument, as prescribed in Annex A2.8.5 Allow the charged viscometer to remain in the bat
42、h longenough to reach the test temperature, as prescribed in AnnexA2.8.6 Start the flow of asphalt in the viscometer as prescribedin Annex A2.8.7 Measure to within 0.1 s, the time required for theleading edge of the meniscus to pass from the first timing markto the second. If this efflux time is les
43、s than 60 s, select aviscometer of smaller capillary diameter and repeat the opera-tion.8.8 Upon completion of the test, clean the viscometerthoroughly by several rinsings with an appropriate solventcompletely miscible with the sample, followed by a completelyvolatile solvent. Dry the tube by passin
44、g a slow stream offiltered dried air through the capillary for 2 min, or until the lasttrace of solvent is removed. Alternatively, the viscometer maybe cleaned in a glass cleaning oven, at a temperature not toexceed 500C (932F), followed by rinses with distilled ordeionized water, residue-free aceto
45、ne, and filtered dry air.Periodically clean the instrument with a strong acid cleaningsolution to remove organic deposits, rinse thoroughly withdistilled water and residue-free acetone, and dry with filtereddry air.NOTE 3The cleaning oven may burn off the glue that connects theviscometer tube to the
46、 holder.8.8.1 Chromic acid cleaning solution may be prepared byadding, with the usual precautions, 800 mL of concentratedsulphuric acid to a solution of 92 g of sodium dichromate in458 mL of water. The use of similar commercially availablesulphuric acid cleaning solutions is acceptable. Nonchromium-
47、containing, strongly oxidizing acid cleaning solutions may besubstituted so as to avoid the disposal problems of chromium-containing solutions.8.8.2 Use of alkaline glass cleaning solutions may result ina change of viscometer calibration, and is not recommended.9. Calculation9.1 Calculate the kinema
48、tic viscosity to three significantfigures using the following equation:Kinematic viscosity, mm2/s cSt!5Ct (1)where:C = calibration constant of the viscometer, mm2/s2(cSt/s),andt = efflux time, s.NOTE 4Other ASTM publications on viscosity that may be used inconjunction with results determined in acco
49、rdance with this test methodare Test Methods D 445 and D 341, Standard D 2493, and SpecificationsD 446.10. Report10.1 Always report the test temperature with the result, forexample:Kinematic viscosity at 60C 5 75.6 mm2/s cSt! (2)11. Precision and Bias11.1 Criteria for judging the acceptability of viscosity testresults obtained by this method are given in Table 1.11.2 The bias of the procedure in this test method cannot bedetermined because no material having an accepted referencevalue is available.12. Keyw
