1、Designation: D2171 071Designation: 222/84 (89)Standard Test Method forViscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2171; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTETable X1.1 was editorially correc
3、ted in March 2010.This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committees and accepted by the cooperating societies in accordance withestablished procedures.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determina-tion of viscosity of asphalt binder (bitumen) by vacuumcapillary visco
4、meters at 60C (140F). It is applicable tomaterials having viscosities in the range from 0.0036 to over20 000 Pa s (0.036 to over 200 000 P).NOTE 1This test method is suitable for use at other temperatures, butthe precision is based on determinations on asphalt binders at 60C(140F).1.2 WarningMercury
5、 has been designated by the UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many stateagencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervoussystem, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may behazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution shouldbe taken when handli
6、ng mercury and mercury containingproducts. See the applicable product Material Safety DataSheet (MSDS) for details and EPAs websitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information.Users should be aware that selling mercury, mercury-containing products, or both, into your state may be proh
7、ibitedby state law.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to
8、use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Newtonian liquida liquid in which t
9、he rate of shearis proportional to the shearing stress. The constant ratio of theshearing stress to the rate of shear is the viscosity of the liquid.If the ratio is not constant, the liquid is non-Newtonian.3.1.2 viscositythe ratio between the applied shear stressand rate of shear is called the coef
10、ficient of viscosity. Thiscoefficient is thus a measure of the resistance to flow of theliquid. It is commonly called the viscosity of the liquid. The SIunit of viscosity is 1 Pas(1Ns/m2) and is called aPascal-second. The cgs unit of viscosity is 1 g/cms (1dynes/cm2) and is called a poise (P). 1 Pas
11、isequivalent to10 P.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The time is measured for a fixed volume of the liquid tobe drawn up through a capillary tube by means of vacuum,under closely controlled conditions of vacuum and tempera-ture. The viscosity in Pascal-seconds is calculated by multi-plying the flow time
12、 in seconds by the viscometer calibrationfactor.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.44 onRheological Tests. In the IP this test method is under the jurisdiction of theStandardization Commit
13、tee.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originallyapproved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D2171 01. DOI:10.1520/D2171-07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual
14、 Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 2The rate of shear decreases as the liquid moves up the tube,or it can al
15、so be varied by the use of different vacuum or different sizeviscometers. Thus, this method is suitable for the measurement ofviscosities of Newtonian (simple) and non-Newtonian (complex) liquids.5. Significance and Use5.1 The viscosity at 60C (140F) characterizes flow behav-ior and may be used for
16、specification requirements for cutbacksand asphalt binders.6. Apparatus6.1 Viscometers, capillary-type, made of borosilicate glass,annealed, suitable for this test are as follows:6.1.1 Cannon-Manning Vacuum Viscometer (CMVV), asdescribed in Appendix X1.6.1.2 Asphalt Institute Vacuum Viscometer (AIVV
17、), as de-scribed in Appendix X2.6.1.3 Modified Koppers Vacuum Viscometer (MKVV), asdescribed in Appendix X3.6.1.4 Calibrated viscometers are available from commercialsuppliers. Details regarding calibration of viscometers aregiven in Appendix X4.NOTE 3The viscosity measured in a CMVV may be from 1 t
18、o 5 %lower than either the AIVV or MKVV having the same viscosity range.This difference, when encountered, may be the result of non-Newtonianflow.36.2 ThermometersCalibrated liquid-in-glass thermom-eters (see Table X5.1) of an accuracy after correction of 0.02C(0.04F) can be used or any other thermo
19、metric device of equalaccuracy. ASTM Kinematic Viscosity Thermometers 47C and47F conforming to Specification E1 are suitable for the mostcommonly used temperature of 60C (140F).6.2.1 The specified thermometers are standardized at“ totalimmersion,” which means immersion to the top of the mercurycolum
20、n with the remainder of the stem and the expansionchamber at the top of the thermometer exposed to roomtemperature. The practice of completely submerging the ther-mometer is not recommended. When thermometers are com-pletely submerged, corrections for each individual thermom-eter based on calibratio
21、n under conditions of completesubmergence must be determined and applied. If the thermom-eter is completely submerged in the bath during use, thepressure of the gas in the expansion chamber will be higher orlower than during standardization, and may cause high or lowreadings on the thermometer. Ther
22、mometric devices for thistest method must be standardized at least every 6 months.6.2.2 It is essential that liquid-in-glass thermometers becalibrated periodically using the technique given in TestMethod E77 (see Appendix X5).6.3 BathA bath suitable for immersion of the viscometerso that the liquid
23、reservoir or the top of the capillary, whicheveris uppermost, is at least 20 mm below the upper surface of thebath liquid and with provisions for visibility of the viscometerand the thermometer. Firm supports for the viscometer shall beprovided. The efficiency of the stirring and the balance between
24、heat losses and heat input must be such that the temperature ofthe bath medium does not vary by more than 60.03C(60.05F) over the length of the viscometer, or from viscom-eter to viscometer in the various bath positions.6.4 Vacuum SystemA vacuum system4capable of main-taining a vacuum to within 60.5
25、 mm of the desired level up toand including 40.0 kPa (300 mm Hg). The essential system isshown schematically in Fig. 1. Tubing of 6.35-mm (14-in.)inside diameter should be used, and all joints should be airtightso that when the system is closed, no loss of vacuum isindicated by the pressure gauge. A
26、 vacuum or aspirator pumpis suitable for the vacuum source. The vacuum measuringsystem for this test method must be standardized at least oncea year.6.5 TimerA stop watch or other timing device graduatedin divisions of 0.1 s or less and accurate to within 0.05 % whentested over intervals of not less
27、 than 15 min. Timing devices forthis test method must be calibrated at least every 6 months.3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D04-1003.4The vacuum control system marketed by Cannon Instrument Co., P. O. Box 16,Stat
28、e College, PA 16801, has been found satisfactory for this purpose.FIG. 1 Suggested Vacuum System for Vacuum Capillary ViscometersD2171 07126.5.1 Electrical Timing Devices may be used only on elec-trical circuits, the frequencies of which are controlled to anaccuracy of 0.05 % or better.6.5.1.1 Alter
29、nating currents, the frequencies of which areintermittently and not continuously controlled, as provided bysome public power systems, can cause large errors, particularlyover short timing intervals, when used to actuate electricaltiming devices.7. Sample Preparations7.1 Heat the sample with care to
30、prevent local overheatinguntil it has become sufficiently fluid to pour, occasionallystirring the sample to aid heat transfer and to assure uniformity.7.2 Transfer a minimum of 20 mL into a suitable containerand heat to 135 6 5.5C (275 6 10F), stirring occasionally toprevent local overheating and ta
31、king care to avoid the entrap-ment of air.NOTE 4If it is suspected that the sample may contain solid material,strain the melted sample into the container through a No. 50 (300-m)sieve conforming to Specification E11.8. Procedure8.1 The specific details of operation vary somewhat for thevarious types
32、 of viscometers. See the detailed descriptions ofviscometers in Appendix X1-Appendix X3 for instructions forusing the type of viscometer selected. In all cases, however,follow the general procedure described in 8.1.1-8.1.9.8.1.1 Maintain the bath at the test temperature within60.03C (0.05F). Apply t
33、he necessary corrections, if any, to allthermometer readings.8.1.2 Select a clean, dry viscometer that will give a flowtime greater than 60 s, and preheat to 135 6 5.5C (275610F).8.1.3 Charge the viscometer by pouring the prepared sampleto within 62 mm of fill line E (Fig. 2, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4).8.1
34、.4 Place the charged viscometer in an oven or bathmaintained at 135 6 5.5C (275 6 10F) for a period of 10 62 min, to allow large air bubbles to escape.8.1.5 Remove the viscometer from the oven or bath and,within 5 min, insert the viscometer in a holder, and position theviscometer vertically in the b
35、ath so that the upper most timingmark is at least 20 mm below the surface of the bath liquid.8.1.6 Establish a 40.0 6 0.07 kPa (300 6 0.5 mm Hg)vacuum below atmospheric pressure in the vacuum system andconnect the vacuum system to the viscometer with the togglevalve or stopcock closed in the line le
36、ading to the viscometer.8.1.7 After the viscometer has been in the bath for 30 6 5min, start the flow of asphalt in the viscometer by opening thetoggle valve or stopcock in the line leading to the vacuumsystem.8.1.8 Measure to within 0.1 s the time required for theleading edge of the meniscus to pas
37、s between successive pairsof timing marks. Report the first flow time which exceeds 60 sbetween a pair of timing marks, noting the identification of thepair of timing marks.8.1.9 Upon completion of the test, clean the viscometerthoroughly by several rinsings with an appropriate solventcompletely mis
38、cible with the sample, followed by a completelyvolatile solvent. Dry the tube by passing a slow stream offiltered dry air through the capillary for 2 min, or until the lasttrace of solvent is removed. Alternatively, the viscometer maybe cleaned in a glass-cleaning oven, at a temperature not toexceed
39、 500C (932F), followed by rinses with distilled ordeionized water, residue-free acetone, and filtered dry air.Periodically clean the instrument with a strong acid cleaningsolution to remove organic deposits, rinse thoroughly withdistilled or deionized water and residue-free acetone, and drywith filt
40、ered dry air.8.1.9.1 Chromic acid cleaning solution may be prepared byadding, with the usual precautions, 800 mL of concentratedsulphuric acid to a solution of 92 g of sodium dichromate in458 mL of water. The use of similar commercially availablesulphuric acid cleaning solutions is acceptable. Nonch
41、romium-containing, strongly oxidizing acid cleaning solutions may besubstituted so as to avoid the disposal problems of chromium-containing solutions.8.1.9.2 Use of alkaline glass cleaning solutions may resultin a change of viscometer calibration, and is not recommended.9. Calculation9.1 Select the
42、calibration factor that corresponds to the pairof timing marks used for the determination, as prescribed in8.1.8. Calculate and report the viscosity to three significantfigures using the following equation:Viscosity, Pa s 5 Kt! (1)All dimensions are in millimetres.FIG. 2 Cannon-Manning Vacuum Capill
43、ary ViscometerD2171 0713where:K = selected calibration factor, Pa s/s, andt = flow time, s.NOTE 5If the viscometer constant or calibration factor (Kcgs)isknown in cgs units (Poise/s) calculate the calibration factor (Ksi) in SIunits (pascalseconds/second) as follows:Ksi 5 Pa s/s! 5 Kcgs/10 or P/s!/1
44、0 (2)10. Report10.1 Always report the test temperature and vacuum withthe viscosity test result. For example, viscosity at 60C (140F)and 300 mm Hg vacuum, in Pa s.11. Precision and Bias11.1 The following criteria (see Note 1) should be used forjudging the acceptability of results (95 % probability):
45、11.1.1 Repeatability Duplicate results by the same opera-tor using the same viscometer should not be considered suspectunless they differ by more than 7 % of their mean.11.1.2 Reproducibility The results submitted by each oftwo laboratories should not be considered suspect unless thetwo results diff
46、er by more than 10 % of their mean.11.2 BiasThe bias for this test method cannot be deter-mined because no material with an accepted reference value isavailable.12. Keywords12.1 asphalt; capillary; vacuum; viscometer; viscosityAll dimensions are in millimetres.FIG. 3 Asphalt Institute Vacuum Capilla
47、ry ViscometerAll dimensions are in millimetres.FIG. 4 Modified Koppers Vacuum Capillary ViscometerD2171 0714APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. CANNON-MANNING VACUUM CAPILLARY VISCOMETER (CMVV)X1.1 ScopeX1.1.1 The Cannon-Manning vacuum capillary viscometer(CMVV)5,6is available in eleven sizes (T
48、able X1.1) coveringa range from 0.0036 to 8 000 Pa s (0.036 to 80 000 P). Sizes10 through 14 are best suited to viscosity measurements ofasphalt cements at 60C (140F).X1.2 ApparatusX1.2.1 Details of the design and construction of Cannon-Manning vacuum capillary viscometers are shown in Fig. 2.The si
49、ze numbers, approximate bulb factors, K, and viscosityranges for the series of Cannon-Manning vacuum capillaryviscometers are given in Table X1.1.X1.2.2 For all viscometer sizes, the volume of measuringbulb C is approximately three times that of bulb B.X1.2.3 A convenient holder can be made by drilling twoholes, 22 and 8 mm in diameter, respectively, through a No. 11rubber stopper. The center-to-center distance between holesshould be 25 mm. Slit through the rubber stopper betweenholes and also between the
