1、Designation: D 2187 94 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Methods forPhysical and Chemical Properties of Particulate Ion-Exchange Resins1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2187; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the determination of thephysical and chemical properties of ion-exchan
3、ge resins whenused for the treatment of water. They are intended for use intesting both new and used materials. The following thirteen testmethods are included:SectionsTest Method APretreatment 6-10Test Method BWater Retention Capacity 11-17Test Method CBackwashed and Settled Density 18-24Test Metho
4、d DParticle Size Distribution 25-32Test Method ESalt-Splitting Capacity of Cation-Exchange Resins33-41Test Method FTotal Capacity of Cation-ExchangeResins42-50Test Method GPercent Regeneration of Hydrogen-Form Cation-Exchange Resins51-58Test Method HTotal and Salt-Splitting Capacity ofAnion-Exchange
5、 Resins59-66Test Method IPercent Regeneration of AnionExchange Resins67-75Test Method JIonic Chloride Content of Anion-Exchange Resins76-83Test Method KCarbonate Content of Anion-Exchange Resins84-91Test Method LSulfate Content of Anion ExchangeResins92-99Test Method MTotal Anion Capacity of Anion-E
6、xchange Resins100-1081.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of
7、 this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Note 1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 1193 Specification for
8、 Reagent WaterD 1293 Test Methods for pH of WaterD 2687 Practices for Sampling Particulate Ion-ExchangeMaterialsD 2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias ofApplicable Methods of Committee D19 on WaterE11Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposes3. Terminology3.1 Defini
9、tionsFor definitions of terms used in these testmethods refer to Terminology D 1129.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 anion-exchange materialan ion-exchange materialcapable of the reversible exchange of negatively charged ions.3.2.2 cation-exchange materialan ion-exchange mate
10、rialcapable of the reversible exchange of positively charged ions.3.2.3 ion-exchange resina synthetic organic ion-exchangematerial.3.2.4 mixed beda physical mixture of anion-exchangematerial and cation-exchange material.4. Reagents4.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tes
11、ts. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,where such specifications are available.3Other grades may be1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D
12、19 onWater and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes andIon Exchange Materials.Current edition approved June 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originallyapproved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 2187 94 (1998).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
13、 website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For
14、 suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.1Copyright ASTM Interna
15、tional, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.4.2 Purity of Water Unless otherwise indicated, refer
16、-ences to water shall be understood to mean Type IV reagentwater described in Specification D 1193.5. Sampling5.1 Obtain a representative sample of the ion-exchangeresin in accordance with Practices D 2687.5.2 A minimum sample size of 1 L is recommended for acomplete testing program.TEST METHOD APRE
17、TREATMENT6. Scope6.1 This test method covers the conversion of ion-exchangeresins to a known ionic form and is intended for application toboth new and used material.7. Significance and Use7.1 The ionic form of an ion-exchange material affects bothits equivalent mass and its equilibrium water content
18、. These inturn influence the numerical values obtained in exchangecapacity determinations, in density measurements, and in thesize of the particles. To provide a uniform basis for compari-son, therefore, the sample should be converted to a knownionic form before analysis. This procedure provides for
19、 theconversion of cation-exchange materials to the sodium formand anion-exchange materials to the chloride form prior toanalysis. These forms are chosen since they permit samples tobe weighed and dried without concern for air contamination ordecomposition. If other ionic forms are used this fact sho
20、uld benoted in reporting the results.8. Apparatus8.1 Pretreatment Apparatus (See Fig. 1):8.1.1 Column, transparent, vertically-supported, 25 6 2.5mm (1.0 6 0.1 in.) inside diameter and approximately 1500mm (60 in.) long.The bottom of the column shall be closed andprovided with an outlet of approxima
21、tely 6-mm inside diam-eter. Connections shall be provided at top and bottom foradmission and removal of solutions as described in Section 10.Adequate means for measuring and regulating flow shall beprovided. Calibrate the column in such a manner that thevolume readings required by the method can be
22、made. Make allmeasurements at 25 6 5C.8.1.2 Support, for the sample, so designed that the distancefrom the sample to the column outlet is at least 50 mm.Suggested supports are corrosion-resistant screen or porousplate.8.2 Draining Apparatus (Fig. 2):8.2.1 Buchner-Type Funnel, containing a 125-mm fil
23、terpaper and supported in a 1-L suction flask.8.2.2 Open-Arm Mercury Manometer, connected by aT-tube to a vacuum train.8.2.3 Gas-Humidifying Tower, of at least 500 mL capacity,two thirds filled with glass beads or similar material.8.2.4 Vacuum Pump, capable of creating a pressure differ-ential 40 mm
24、 Hg below atmospheric pressure.9. Reagents9.1 Hydrochloric Acid (1 + 9)Carefully pour 100 mL ofhydrochloric acid (HCl, sp gr 1.19) into 900 mL of water,stirring constantly. Cool to 25 6 5C.9.2 Sodium Chloride Solution (100 g/L)Dissolve 100.0 gof sodium chloride (NaCl) in 800 mL of water and dilute t
25、o 1L.9.3 Sodium Chloride Solution (240 g/L)Dissolve 240 g ofsodium chloride (NaCl) in 800 mL of water and dilute to 1 L.9.4 Sodium Hydroxide Solution (40 g/L)Dissolve 40.0 gof sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in 800 mL of water. Cool anddilute to 1 L.9.5 Thymol Blue Indicator SolutionDissolve 0.1 g ofthymol
26、blue (thymol sulfonphthalein) in 10.75 mL of 0.02 NNaOH solution. Dilute to 250 mL with water.9.6 Tropaeolin O Indicator SolutionDissolve 0.10 g oftropaeolin O (p-benzene-sulfonic acid-azoresorcinol) in 50 mLof water and dilute to 100 mL in a volumetric flask.10. Procedure10.1 Adjust the temperature
27、 of the water and all solutions tobe used in the procedure to 25 6 5C and maintain thistemperature throughout the test.10.2 Transfer the entire sample as received to a 2-L beakerusing water to rinse out the container. Adjust the water level tothe sample level. Let stand a minimum of 1 h. Mix thoroug
28、hlyand transfer a representative sample to fill a 400-mL beaker.FIG. 1 Typical Arrangement of Apparatus for Pretreatment of Ion-Exchange MaterialsD 2187 94 (2004)210.3 Fill the pretreatment column one half full of water.Transfer the entire contents of the 400-mL beaker to thecolumn using additional
29、water if necessary.10.4 Backwash with water using a flow rate that willmaintain a 50 % expansion of the bed. Adjust the backwashoutlet tube to a height above the bed equal to 75 % of the bedheight. Continue backwashing for a minimum of 10 min oruntil the effluent is clear. For mixed bed samples proc
30、eed inaccordance with 10.5. For single component samples, proceedin accordance with 10.6.10.5 If the sample is a mixed bed, displace the backwashwater from the bed by slowly introducing NaCl solution (100g/L) at the bottom of the column and allowing it to flowupward through the sample. When the wate
31、r has been dis-placed, increase the flow rate until the anion-exchange resin isseparated from and suspended above the cation-exchangeresin. Lower the backwash outlet tube as required to siphon offthe anion-exchange resin, collecting it in a separate pretreat-ment apparatus. Exercise care to prevent
32、the removal ofcation-exchange resin in this operation. When the transfer ofthe anion-exchange resin is complete, discontinue the flow ofNaCl solution. If the separation of anion and cation-exchangeresins has not been complete and a mixed band is left in thecenter, repeat the siphoning procedure to r
33、emove this bandfrom the cation-portion of the sample. This mixed material thatshould not constitute more than 5 % of the original samplevolume, is not included in subsequent tests. If more than 5 %of the sample remains unseparated, the separation should berepeated using NaCl solution (240 g/L). In e
34、ither case proceedwith the separated anion and cation components as separatesamples as described in 10.6.10.6 Allow the resin to settle until the liquid level is 20 to 30mm above the top of the bed, and estimate its volume. PassNaCl solution (100 g/L) downflow through the single compo-nent sample or
35、 the separated components of the mixed bedresin at the approximate rate of 0.133 mL/min/mL of samplefor 1 h. Discontinue the flow of NaCl solution. Backwash withwater for 10 min at a flow rate sufficient to maintain a 50 %expansion of the bed. Discontinue the flow of water.10.7 Allow the bed to sett
36、le and then drain off the water ata rate of approximately 100 mL/min until the water level is 20to 30 mm above the top of the bed. Estimate the volume ofion-exchange resin in millilitres.10.8 Determine the amount of reagent and the flow raterequired for the initial pretreatment from Table 1 using th
37、esample volume determined in 10.7.NOTE 1Caution: Swelling of the resin in the column may occur insubsequent steps.10.9 Pass the specified volume of reagent through the bed atthe specified rate until only a 20 or 30 mm layer of liquidremains above the bed. Rinse the bed with two sample volumesof wate
38、r at the same rate.10.10 Determine the amount of reagent and the flow raterequired for the second pretreatment from Table 2 using thesample volume determined in 10.7. Note that this secondpretreatment is not used for some methods.10.11 Pass the specified volume of reagent through a bed atthe specifi
39、ed rate until only a 20 to 30-mm layer of liquidremains above the bed. Rinse the bed with one sample volumeof water at the same rate. Increase the rinse rate to 100 mL/min.Rinse for 15 min. Thereafter test successive 100-mL portionsof the effluent from anion-exchange resins by adding two dropsFIG. 2
40、 Typical Arrangement of Water-Draining ApparatusTABLE 1 Requirements for Initial PretreatmentAnion-ExchangeResinsCation-ExchangeResinsReagent NaOH HClConcentration 40 g/L 1 + 9Volume required 8 sample volumes 8 sample volumesContact time 1 h 1 hFlow rate, mL/min-mL sample 0.133 0.133Regeneration lev
41、el:lb/ft3g/L20.032021.2340D 2187 94 (2004)3of thymol blue indicator solution. Continue rinsing until a 100mL portion of the effluent remains yellow (pH 2.5) on theaddition of the indicator. Test the effluent from the cation-exchange resins in the same manner with two drops oftropaeolin-O indicator s
42、olution. Continue rinsing until a100-mL portion of the effluent remains yellow (pH 11.0)3onthe addition of the indicator.10.12 Remove the ion-exchange resin from the pretreatmentcolumn, discarding any extraneous material that may haveaccumulated at the bottom of the bed. Transfer the resin to theBuc
43、hner funnel of the draining apparatus that has been fittedwith a medium porosity filter paper. Drain the water to the topof the sample using suction if required. Cover the funnel witha suitable vacuum-tight cover, which is fitted with an inlet forair from the water-filled humidifying tower. Apply su
44、fficientsuction to maintain a pressure differential of 40 6 5mmHgbelow atmospheric pressure. Continue passing humidified airthrough the sample for 10 min.10.13 Transfer the entire drained sample to a clean, dry, 1-L(1-qt.), wide-mouthed bottle with a screw top or other vapor-tight closure.TEST METHO
45、D BWATER RETENTION CAPACITY11. Scope11.1 This test method covers the determination of theamount of water retained by ion-exchange resins and isintended for testing both new and used materials.12. Summary of Test Method12.1 This test method consists of the determination of theloss of mass on drying a
46、t 104 6 2C.13. Significance and Use13.1 The water retention capacity of an ion-exchange ma-terial is proportional to its pore volume. For new materials ofthe same functionality and polymer type, higher values indicatelower effective crosslinking. Increases in water retention ca-pacity of used materi
47、als as compared with the values for newmaterial serve as an indicator of polymer decrosslinking:decreases may indicate either loss of functionality or fouling ofthe ion-exchange material. Since the numerical value is di-rectly dependent on the ionic form of the material, carefulpreconditioning of bo
48、th original and used samples to knownionic forms as outlined in Section 7 is essential when suchcomparisons are made.14. Procedure14.1 Weigh three approximately 5-g representative samplesof material pretreated in accordance with Section 10 to thenearest 1 mg into previously tared weighing vessels.14
49、.2 Dry the samples for 18 6 2hat1046 2C.14.3 Remove the samples from the oven. Cool 30 min in adesiccator, and reweigh.15. Calculation15.1 Calculate the water retention capacity, in percent, asfollows:water retained, % 5 A 2 B!/A 3 100 (1)where:A = amount of wet sample used, g, andB = amount of dry sample obtained, g.16. Report16.1 Report the percent water retained as the average of thethree values obtained.17. Precision4and Bias17.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test method of deter-mining water retention capacity of ion exchange resins may b
