1、Designation: D 2197 98 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forAdhesion of Organic Coatings by Scrape Adhesion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2197; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determi
3、nation of the adhe-sion of organic coatings such as paint, varnish, and lacquerwhen applied to smooth, flat (planar) panel surfaces.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to addre
4、ss all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 609 Practice
5、for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panelsfor Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, andRelated Coating ProductsD 823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thicknessof Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test PanelsD 1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-ness of Organic Co
6、atings Using MicrometersD 1186 Test Methods for Nondestructive Measurement ofDry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied toa Ferrous BaseD 1400 Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement ofDry Film Thickness of Nonconductive CoatingsApplied toa Nonferrous Metal Base3. Summary of Test Method3.
7、1 The materials under test are applied at uniform thicknessto flat panels, usually sheet metal of uniform surface texture.After drying, the adhesion is determined by pushing the panelsbeneath a rounded stylus or loop that is loaded in increasingamounts until the coating is removed from the substrate
8、surface.4. Significance and Use4.1 Coatings to perform satisfactorily must adhere to thesubstrates on which they are applied. This test method has beenfound useful in differentiating the degree of adhesion ofcoatings to substrates. It is most useful in providing relativeratings for a series of coate
9、d panels exhibiting significantdifferences in adhesion.4.2 Studies performed in a laboratory using the loop stylusspecified in the previous edition showed meaningful adhesiondata were impossible when loads of 10 to 20 kg were requiredto break the surface of a solvent based coating. The chromeplated
10、loop stylus chattered and skipped across the coatingsurface when loads of this magnitude were required. Similarmeaningless data were obtained when powder coatings weretested that required more than 10 kg to break the surface.Therefore, testing under these conditions is not applicable.5. Apparatus5.1
11、 Application Equipment, as described in Practices D 823.5.2 Film-Thickness Measuring Apparatus, as described inTest Methods D 1005, D 1186, or D 1400.5.3 Balanced Beam, Scrape Adhesion Tester (Figs. 1 and2), consisting of a balanced beam to which is secured aplatform for supporting weights, and a ro
12、d at an angle of 45that holds the scraping loop. The rod shall be set so that thescraping loop contacts test surfaces directly below the weights.The loop shall be 1.6-mm (116-in.) diameter rod, bent into a“U” shape with an outside radius of 3.25 6 0.05 mm (0.128 60.002 in.) and hardened to Rockwell
13、HRC 56 to 58, and shallbe a smooth finish. The loop can be either chromium plated,nickel plated, or heat treated polished steel, as agreed uponbetween the purchaser and the supplier. These testers areadjustable to accommodate flat, metallic, and nonmetallicspecimens to 12-mm (0.5-in.) thick and 100
14、to 400 mm (4 to 16in.) wide and long; the specimen should be at least 12-mm(12-in.) wide.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applie
15、d Paint Films.Current edition approved June 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originallyapproved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 2197 98 (2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book o
16、f ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Preparation of Specimens6.1 Apply the materials under test to panels of the compo-
17、sition and surface condition on which it is desired to determineadhesion. The panel material (6.1.1), surface preparation,thickness, and number of coats shall be specified or agreedupon by the seller and the purchaser. Apply uniform coatingsand air dry or bake under conditions of humidity and temper
18、a-ture mutually agreeable to the seller and purchaser. Either maskthe panel or remove material after application, so that 13 mm(12 in.) at one end of the panel is uncoated.6.1.1 The surface of the panel must be hard enough that itwill not be damaged by the scraping loop. If no panel materialis speci
19、fied, use 0.8-mm (0.032-in.) cold-rolled carbon steelprepared in accordance with Methods B or C of Practice D 609.7. Conditioning and Number of Tests7.1 Condition the test panels for at least 48 h at 23 6 2C(73.5 6 3.5F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity, and test in thesame environment, or immediately
20、 on removal therefrom,unless otherwise specified or agreed by the seller and thepurchaser. Test at least two replicate specimens of eachmaterial.8. Procedure8.1 When using the instrument shown in Fig. 1, level thebase plate of the apparatus and place it so that the weightholder is toward the operato
21、r. This places the beam release onthe operators right and allows freedom to move the testspecimen manually under the weighted scraping element(loop). Adjust the main bearing support so that the beam isbalanced in the horizontal plane when the loop is just touchingthe specimen surface.8.2 Raise the b
22、eam and lock it. Wipe the loop with cleancloth or chamois. Place a test panel on the sliding platform sothat it may be moved away from the operator and the uncoatedportion is toward the main beam support. Place weights on theweight support using an initial amount that is estimated to beappropriate f
23、or the particular coating. Carefully lower the beamuntil the loop rests on the uncoated portion of the test specimenand the full load is applied, then slowly (1 to 2 s/in.) push thesliding platform away from the operator for a distance of atleast 75 mm (3 in.). If the coating is removed, continue th
24、etesting, using successively smaller loads (0.5-kg increments)until the coating is not removed. If the coating is not removedby the initial scrape, continue the testing, using successivelylarger loads (0.5-kg increments) until the coating is removed oruntil the maximum load of 10 kg has been applied
25、. Use a newarea of the test surface each time a scrape is made.8.3 When the critical load has been approximately located,repeat the test five times at each of three loadings: above,below, and at the load determined in the first trial. Apply thedifferent loads in random fashion so that all scrapes at
26、 one loadare not made in succession or on one panel.FIG. 1 Balanced-Beam Scrape-Adhesion TesterFIG. 2 Balanced Beam Scrape Adhesion and Mar TesterD 2197 98 (2004)28.3.1 Periodically examine the loop to ensure that theoriginal smooth surface is intact. If the contacting surface isworn, reverse the lo
27、op. When both sides are worn, replace witha new loop.8.4 For each applied load, tabulate the number of times thecoating was removed or adhered. The load where the scraperesults change from mainly adhering to mainly removed,ignoring the first 13 mm (12 in.) of the scratch if the coatingwas removed, i
28、s the adhesion failure end point.9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Load in kilograms at the adhesion failure end point,9.1.2 Panel material and surface preparation,9.1.3 “U” shape loop surface finish,9.1.4 Dry-film thickness, and9.1.5 Any deviation from the specified procedure.10.
29、Precision10.1 CorrelationThis method was developed when corre-lation with other methods of assessing adhesion was consid-ered to be of equal importance to the agreement betweenresults obtained in the same or different laboratories. It wasestablished that when materials differing widely in hardnessan
30、d adhesion were evaluated by a number of experiencedpersonnel in several laboratories, the adhesion results obtainedusing this method correlated well with those obtained withseveral other methods.10.2 PrecisionIf sufficient cooperators can be obtained,an interlaboratory study will be conducted to es
31、tablish preci-sion.10.3 BiasNo information can be provided on the bias ofthis test method for measuring adhesion because no materialhaving an accepted reference value is available.11. Keywords11.1 adhesion; balanced-beam scrape adhesion tester;scrapeASTM International takes no position respecting th
32、e validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard i
33、s subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International He
34、adquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This s
35、tandard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 2197 98 (2004)3
