1、Designation: D2266 01 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Test Method forWear Preventive Characteristics of Lubricating Grease(Four-Ball Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2266; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test
3、 method covers the determination of the wearpreventive characteristics of greases in sliding steel-on-steelapplications. It is not intended to predict wear characteristicswith metal combinations other than steel-on-steel or to evaluatethe extreme pressure characteristics of the grease.1.2 The values
4、 stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard except where the test apparatus or consumable partsare only available in other units. In such cases, these will beregarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of t
5、hesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4172 Test Method for Wear
6、 Preventive Characteristics ofLubricating Fluid (Four-Ball Method)D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and BiasData for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products andLubricants2.2 ANSI Standard:3B3.12 for Metal Balls3. Terminology3.1 There are no terms in this test method that require newor
7、 other than dictionary definitions.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Three12 in. (12.7 mm) diameter steel balls are clampedtogether and covered with the lubricant to be evaluated. Afourth12 in. diameter steel ball, referred to as the top ball, ispressed with a force of 40 kgf (392 N) into the cavity form
8、edby the three clamped balls for three-point contact. The tem-perature of the lubricating grease specimen is regulated at75 C (167 F) and then the top ball is rotated at 1200 r minfor 60 min. Lubricants are compared by using the average sizeof the scar diameters worn on the three lower clamped balls
9、.NOTE 1Because of differences in the construction of the variousmachines on which the four-ball test can be made, the manufacturersinstructions should be consulted for proper machine setup and operation.NOTE 2Although the test can be run under other test parameters, theprecision noted in Section 11
10、can vary when testing with other than testparameters listed in Section 8.5. Significance and Use5.1 The four-ball wear-test method can be used to determinethe relative wear-preventing properties of greases under the testconditions and if the test conditions are changed the relativeratings may be dif
11、ferent. No correlation has been establishedbetween the four-ball wear test and field service. The test1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.G0.04 on Functional Tests - T
12、ribology.Current edition approved April 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originallyapproved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D2266 01 (2008).This test method has been adopted for use by government agencies to replaceMethod 6514 of Federal Test Method Standard No. 791b. DOI: 10.1520/D2
13、266-01R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institu
14、te (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1method cannot be used to differentiate between ExtremePressure (EP) and Non-Extreme Pressure (Non-EP) Greases.
15、46. Apparatus6.1 Four-Ball Wear-Tester and AccessoriesSee Fig. 1 andFig. 2.5NOTE 3It is important to distinguish between the Four-Ball EP Testerand the Four-Ball Wear Tester. The Four-Ball EP Tester is designed fortesting under heavier loads and more severe conditions; it lacks thesensitivity necess
16、ary for performing four-ball wear test.6.2 Microscope,6capable of measuring the diameters of thescars produced on the three stationary balls to an accuracy of0.01 mm. It is more efficient to measure the scars withoutremoving the three balls from the holder.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Test Balls7, c
17、hrome alloy steel, made fromAISI standardsteel No. E-52100, with diameter of 0.5 in. (12.7 mm), Grade25 EP (Extra Polish). Such balls are described in B3.12, forMetal Balls. The Extra-Polish finish is not described in thatspecification. The Rockwell C hardness shall be 64 to 66, acloser limit than i
18、s found in the ANSI requirement.NOTE 4Steel balls meeting this description were used in developingthe precision of the test.7.2 Cleaning Fluids for preparing balls and apparatus forthe test should be those capable of removing metal preservativecoating from the balls, eliminating carryover effects fr
19、om onetest to the next. The cleaning fluid selected should be non-film-forming and not contribute to the wear or antiwear propertiesof the test lubricant. (for example, chlorinated solvents shouldnot be used.)8. Test Conditions8.1 The test shall be conducted under the following condi-tions:Temperatu
20、re 75 C 2 C (167 F 4 F)Speed 1200 r min 60 r minDuration 60 min 1 minLoad 40 kgf 0.2 kgf (392 N 2N)NOTE 5Although the test can be run under other conditions, theprecision limits described in Section 11 apply only to tests conductedunder the conditions described in Section 8.9. Preparation of Apparat
21、us9.1 Set up the drive of the test machine to obtain a spindlespeed of 1200 r min 6 60 r min.9.2 Set the temperature controller to maintain a test tem-perature of 75 C 6 2 C (167 F 6 4 F).9.3 When an automatic timer is used to terminate a test, itshould be checked for the required 61 min accuracy at
22、 60 minelapsed time.9.4 The loading mechanism must be balanced to a zeroreading with all parts and test grease in place. To demonstrateproper precision, an addition or subtraction of 0.2 kgf (19.6 N)should be detectable in imbalance. Determination of accuracyof loading at 40 kgf (392 N) is difficult
23、 and generally is limitedto careful measurement of lever-arm ratios and weights with4Further details on this test method may be found in the article by Stalling, L.,NLGI Spokesman, Vol 31, No. 11, February 1988, pp. 396401. This article has beensubmitted as a research report, but it does not follow
24、research report guidelinesbecause the work was conducted before research report guidelines were instituted.5The sole source of supply of the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine known to thecommittee at this time is Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Drive, Sugar Grove, IL 60554.If you are aware of alternative suppli
25、ers, please provide this information to ASTMInternational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.This company can also furnish a microscope with a special base to measure thewear scars without removing t
26、he balls from the test-oil cup. Discontinued models ofthe Four-Ball Wear Test Machine made by Precision Scientific Co. and RoxannaMachine Works are also satisfactory.6The sole source of supply of the microscope known to the committee at thistime is Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Drive, Sugar Grove, IL 60
27、554. If you are awareof alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.Falex Corp. Microscope F-1519-31 measures directly to 0.1 mm and
28、 byinterpolation to 0.01 mm. A higher resolution version, F-1519-31A, measures to0.001 mm.7Steel balls meeting this description were used in developing the precision of thetest. They are available from the manufacturer of the test machine and some ballmanufacturers. Some operators prefer to check a
29、new box of balls by running an oilor a lubricating grease with a known reference. All balls used in one test should betaken from one carton (of 500 balls) as received from the supplier.FIG. 1 Precision Scientific Company Four-Ball Test ArrangementFIG. 2 Falex Corporation (Roxanna) Four-Ball Test Arr
30、angementD2266 01 (2015)2dead-weight loading apparatus or piston diameter and calibra-tion of pressure gauge with pneumatic loading systems.10. Procedure10.1 Thoroughly clean four test balls, clamping parts for theupper and lower balls and the oil cup using a cleaning fluid orfluids selected in 7.2.
31、Ultrasonic vibration can be used to assistthe cleaning process. Wipe the parts using a fresh (unused)lint-free industrial wipe. After cleaning, handle all parts usinga fresh wipe. No trace of cleaning fluid should remain when thetest oil is introduced and the machine assembled.10.2 Insert one of the
32、 clean test balls into the ball chuck.Insert the ball chuck into spindle of the test machine andtighten according to the equipment manufacturers directions.NOTE 6Insertion of the ball into the ball chuck should requiremoderate force and result in an audible snap as the test ball enters the ballchuck
33、. The ball should be free from any movement. If the ball rotates ormoves within the ball chuck, replace the ball chuck.10.3 Place a small amount of the grease in the ball cupsufficient to fill the void space between the three balls to beinserted and the bottom of the ball cup. Insert the three testb
34、alls in the ball cup and lock the balls in position by handtightening the locknut into the ball cup using the wrenchsupplied by the equipment manufacturer.NOTE 7Hand tightening has been found to be between 33.8 Nm and67.8 Nm (25 lbft to 50 lbft).10.4 Coat the test balls located in the ball chuck and
35、 ball cupcompletely and thoroughly with the test grease and then fill theball cup with grease and level off with the top surface of thelocknut.10.5 Place the ball cup assembly containing the three testballs and grease specimen on the test machine. Avoid shockloading by slowly applying the test load.
36、10.6 After reaching the desired test load, turn on thetemperature controller and set the controller to maintain 75 C6 2 C (167 F 6 4 F).NOTE 8Heater voltage or offset on proportional controllers should becapable of bringing stabilized temperature within the prescribed limits.10.7 When the desired te
37、st temperature is reached, simulta-neously start the timer and the drive motor, previously set to1200 r min 6 60 r min.10.8 After the drive motor has been on for 60 min 6 1 min,turn off the heaters and drive motor and remove the ball cupand three-ball assembly. (WarningParts may be hot at theend of
38、the test. Exercise care when handling parts.)10.9 Measure the wear scars on the three lower balls to anaccuracy of 60.01 mm by one of the following methods:10.9.1 Option AClean the grease from the ball cup assem-bly without loosening the test balls and wipe the scar area witha tissue. Leave the thre
39、e balls clamped and set the ball cupassembly on the special base of the microscope that has beendesigned for this purpose.6Make two measurements on each ofthe wear scars. Take one measurement of the scar along a radialline from the center of the holder; take the second measurementalong a line that i
40、s 90 from the first measurement. Report thearithmetic average of the six measurements as the scar diam-eter in millimetres.10.9.2 Option BRemove the three lower balls from theirclamped position. Wipe the scar area. Take two measurementsat 90 to each other. If a scar is elliptical, take one measureme
41、ntwith the striations and the other across the striations. Take careto ensure that the line of sight is perpendicular to the surfacebeing measured. As in Option A, average the six scar readingsand report as scar diameter in millimetres.NOTE 9In Test Method D4172, it is stated that if the average of
42、thetwo measurements on one ball varies from the average of all six readingsby more than 0.04 mm, the user should investigate the alignment of thethree lower balls with the top ball.11. Precision and Bias11.1 The precision of this test is not known to have beenobtained in accordance with currently ac
43、cepted guidelines (forexample, Practice D6300).4,811.2 The precision of this test method as determined bystatistical examination of interlaboratory results is as follows:11.2.1 The difference between two test results, obtained bythe same operator with the same apparatus under constantoperating condi
44、tions on identical test material, would in thelong run, in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed the following value only in one case in twenty:0.20 mm11.2.2 The difference between two single and independentresults obtained by different operators working in differentlaboratories
45、 on identical test material would, in the long run, inthe normal and correct operation of the test method, exceed thefollowing value only in one case in twenty:0.37 mm11.3 BiasThe procedure in this test method for measuringwear preventing characteristics of lubricating grease has nobias because the
46、value of wear preventing characteristics canonly be defined in terms of a test method.12. Keywords12.1 four-ball; grease; wear8The following equipment, as listed in the submitted research report, was usedto develop the precision statement and no statistically significant differences werefound betwee
47、n these pieces of equipment: 1. Falex Corporation (formerly RoxannaMachine Works), 1020 Airpark Drive, Sugar Grove, IL 60555; 2. PrecisionScientific (no longer manufactured). To date, no other equipment has demonstratedthrough ASTM interlaboratory testing the ability to meet the precision of this te
48、st.This is not an endorsement or certification by ASTM International.D2266 01 (2015)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of th
49、e validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible
