1、Designation: D228/D228M 092Standard Test Methods forSampling, Testing, and Analysis of Asphalt Roll Roofing,Cap Sheets, and Shingles Used in Roofing andWaterproofing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D228/D228M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof
2、original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEFormer Figs. 58 were editorially corrected to become Tables 14 in
3、September 2011.2NOTEEditorial changes were made to Sections 7 and 8 in September 2012.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling,examination, physical testing, and analyses of asphalt-containing materials used in roofing and waterproofing. Thesematerials include but are not limited
4、 to roll roofing, cap sheets,and shingles.Any of these materials are allowed to be partiallyor fully coated, surfaced, or laminated, or a combinationthereof.1.2 The test methods and procedures in this standard appearin the following order:Section Content6 Types of Roofing7 Sampling8 Mass and Area De
5、termination9 Selection of Representative Specimens10 Moisture11 Pliability12 Mass Loss and Behavior on Heating13 Tear Strength14 Fastener Pull-Through Resistance15 Preparation and Selection of Small Test Specimensfor Analyses16 Analysis of Glass Felt Products17 Analysis of Roofing Products with Orga
6、nic Felts18 Ash of Desaturated Felt19 Calculation20 Adjusting Back Coating Fine Mineral Matter andBack Surfacing21 Report22 Precision and Bias1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equiva
7、lents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of
8、this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD146 Test Methods for Sampling
9、 and Testing Bitumen-Saturated Felts and Woven Fabrics for Roofing andWaterproofingD225 Specification for Asphalt Shingles (Organic Felt) Sur-faced With Mineral GranulesD1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and WaterproofingD1922 Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance ofPlastic Film and Thin Sh
10、eeting by Pendulum MethodD2178 Specification for Asphalt Glass Felt Used in Roofingand WaterproofingD2626 Specification for Asphalt-Saturated and Coated Or-ganic Felt Base Sheet Used in RoofingD3462 Specification for Asphalt Shingles Made from GlassFelt and Surfaced with Mineral GranulesD3909 Specif
11、ication for Asphalt Roll Roofing (Glass Felt)Surfaced With Mineral GranulesD4601 Specification for Asphalt-Coated Glass Fiber BaseSheet Used in RoofingD4897 Specification forAsphalt-Coated Glass-Fiber VentingBase Sheet Used in RoofingD4932 Test Method for Fastener Rupture and Tear Resis-tance of Roo
12、fing and Waterproofing Sheets, Roll Roofing,and ShinglesD6380 Specification forAsphalt Roll Roofing (Organic Felt)1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 onRoofing and Waterproofing and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD08.02 on Steep Roofing Products and Ass
13、emblies.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originallyapproved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D228 08. DOI:10.1520/D0228_D0228M-09E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.or
14、g. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1F1667 Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, andStaple
15、s3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in these test methods, seeTerminology D1079.3.1.2 As referenced in 15.1, “Materials of Uniform Compo-sition” designates products that are manufactured to be thesame thickness, ply count, and mass per unit area in all areasof the mate
16、rial. This would include traditional mineral surfacedrolls, “3 Tab” shingles, and other shingles that have areas ofmaterial removed for appearance purposes (cut-outs) but therest of the shingle is of uniform composition. See Fig. 1, Type1 or Type 2.3.1.3 As referenced in 15.2, “Materials of Nonunifo
17、rmComposition” designates products that are intentionally manu-factured to have different thickness or mass per unit area withindifferent areas of the product. Examples of materials ofnonuniform composition are selvage edge rolls and overlaid orembossed shingles (where not all of the product has the
18、 samethickness). See Fig. 1, Type 3.3.1.4 As referenced in 15.4, “Materials of Multiple LayerComposition” designates products that are fabricated in mul-tiple layers. See Fig. 1, Type 4.3.1.5 As referenced in these test methods, “Machine Direc-tion” (indicated as MD) is the direction running the lon
19、gdimension of a roll product (before samples or specimens areNOTE 1Not to scale.NOTE 2Type 3 has been illustrated without asphalt coating or fine mineral surfacing on the reverse side. It is not prohibited to fabricate this productwith asphalt coating or fine material surfacing on the reverse side.F
20、IG. 1 Types of Asphalt-Coated Roll Roofing and ShinglesD228/D228M 0922cut) or the long dimension of a shingle, unless otherwiseknown and agreed to between supplier and purchaser. “CrossDirection” (indicated as CD) designates the direction perpen-dicular to the MD.3.1.6 A production lot is defined as
21、 all material producedwithin one production shift of the same type, composition, andcolor (where applicable). A delivery lot is defined as ashipment or fraction thereof representing a product of the sametype, composition, and color (where applicable).4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods inc
22、lude procedures for sampling,examination, physical testing, and analyses of asphalt rollroofing, cap sheets, and shingles used in roofing and water-proofing. Other components of these materials are allowed toinclude, but are not limited to, felts, mats, films, foils, mineralstabilizers, papers, and
23、mineral surfacing.4.2 These test methods include tests that are not required byevery product standard that references Test Methods D228. Theindividual product standards are the authority for which testsare required for compliance. It is not prohibited to run tests inaddition to those required in the
24、 product standards, but thesetest methods make no claim to their suitability or significance.4.3 Five random samples are required from lots equal to orless than 1000 packages. The number of samples required forlots greater than 1000 packages is dependent on the variation inthe unit mass within the l
25、ot and is determined by the two-stepsampling plan in 7.4.4.4 The results of a visual examination, physical testing, andcompositional analysis are required for each sample. Theanalytical data are further used to compute the probableminimum and the probable range for the average mass of eachof the com
26、ponents.5. Materials5.1 Filter PaperThe extractions for analysis of glass feltproducts (Section 16) and analysis of roofing products withorganic felt (Section 17) require the use of filter paper with aparticle retention of 2.7 m (see Note 1), This filter paper isdried for 60 min 6 10 % in an 80C 176
27、F oven and storeduntil needed in a desiccator.NOTE 1Whitman No. 50 filter paper 185 mm has been foundsatisfactory for this use.6. Types of Roofing6.1 Asphalt-coated roll roofing and shingles are divided intothe following types for the purposes of these test methods (seeFig. 1).6.1.1 Type 1A single t
28、hickness of glass felt, coated withasphalt and mineral surfacing such as in Specifications D2178,D3462, D3909, D4601, and D4897. The backing material(designated “Fine Mineral Surfacing” in Fig. 1) shall bepermitted to be any suitable material that prevents theseproducts from sticking together while
29、packaged.6.1.2 Type 2A single thickness of asphalt-saturated feltcoated with asphalt and mineral surfacing such as in Specifi-cations D225, D2626, and D6380, Class M. The backingmaterial (designated “Fine Mineral Surfacing” in Fig. 1) shallbe permitted to be any suitable material that prevents these
30、products from sticking together while packaged.6.1.3 Type 3Similar to Type 2, but asphalt coated andsurfaced with mineral granules for part of one side of thesaturated felt such as in Specification D6380, Class WS. Thistype also includes products similar to Type 1 or Type 2 thathave overlay or embos
31、sed areas. This does not include prod-ucts that are fabricated in multiple layers.6.1.4 Type 4This material is comprised of multiple layersbonded with a suitable adhesive, typically a bituminous mate-rial. Evaluation of the nature of the adhesive or quality of thebond, or both, is outside the scope
32、of this test method. Fig. 1illustrates a typical configuration for Type 4. This “Type”description is provided to aid the user in understanding how tomatch a given product composition and assembly to itscorresponding Type. It is not intended to limit or excludeproducts with similar, but not identical
33、 constructions. Ex-amples of known variations, which shall not be prohibitedinclude (but are not limited to):6.1.4.1 Materials using other adhesives,6.1.4.2 Materials fabricated with more than two layers,6.1.4.3 Materials that use different relative proportions forthe layers, and6.1.4.4 Materials wi
34、th other core compositions7. Sampling7.1 The rolls or packages selected in accordance with thissection constitute the representative sample used in Sections 8and 9.7.2 Select five rolls or packages from the lot at random. Donot select any material that shows visual indications of damagefrom shipping
35、 or handling. Determine the average net mass ing/m2lb/100 ft2 and the standard deviation in accordance with8.1-8.8.7.3 If the lot is 1000 or fewer rolls or packages, proceed toSection 8. If the lot is 1001 or greater in number, follow thesecond part of the sampling plan in 7.4.7.4 Calculate the requ
36、ired number of samples based on thestandard deviation (s) of the preliminary sampling by:n 5t2s2d2(1)where:n = total number of samples required (n 5 more rolls orpackages must be selected at random as samples),t = test statistic for number of samples in the preliminarytest series for 4 and a 95 % co
37、nfidence that thecalculated average mass will not exceed d (t = 2.776),andd = 100 g/m22 lb/100 ft2 (the mean mass obtained fromthe analysis should be within 6100 g/m2of the truevalue, with 95 % confidence).7.5 See Fig. 2.D228/D228M 09238. As Received Mass and Area Determinations, All Typesof Roofing
38、8.1 Gross MassDetermine and record the mass of eachrepresentative sample to the nearest 0.1 kg 0.2 lb.8.2 Net MassDisassemble each package or unroll eachroll of the representative sample; shake off any loose surfacingand determine and record the net mass of all the shingles or theentire roll to the
39、nearest 0.1 kg 0.2 lb. Where a productstandard requires it, the loose surfacing is to be collected andthe mass determined.8.3 Packaging and Fixture MassDetermine and record themass to the nearest 0.1 kg 0.2 lb of the packaging and allassociated fixtures shipped with each roll or package of therepres
40、entative sample, such as nails and adhesive.8.4 Dimensions of Roll ProductsMeasure and record thelength and width of each roll of roofing and the selvage widthto the nearest 3 mm 18 in.8.5 Shingle Count and Dimensions From each of therepresentative sample packages generated in Section 7, countand re
41、cord the number of shingles in each package. Select oneshingle randomly from each package. Measure the width,length, and cutout dimensions for each of these selectedshingles to the nearest 1 mm 132 in. Calculate and record theaverage for each of these measurements.8.6 Calculate the area of the roofi
42、ng and the net mass perunit area of the roofing. Report the net mass per unit area ing/m2lb/100 ft2 for each representative sample (withoutpackaging, cut outs or loose surfacing).8.7 Calculate and record the average net mass per unit areafor the combined representative samples (without packaging,cut
43、 outs, or loose surfacing) in g/m2lb/100 ft2.8.8 Calculate and record the estimate of the standard devia-tion by:s 5 (X2n 2 12(X!2nn 2 1!(2)where:s = an unbiased estimate of the standard deviation,X2= the sum of the squares of the individual massdeterminations,(X)2= the square of the sum of the indi
44、vidual massdeterminations, andn = the number of rolls or packages in the representa-tive sample.8.9 Calculate the 95 % confidence interval for the averagemass by:(Xn6ts=n(3)where:X = sum of the individual mass determinations, andIn Section 7, initial “Representative Samples” are selected (typically
45、five per lot). These are full bundles or rolls. These are the samples used in Section 8.In Section 9, one large “Specimen” is taken from each representative sample (full shingles from 8.5 or a portion of each roll selected in Section 7). These are confirmedto be within 1.5 % of the mass per area (fr
46、om 8.6) for the corresponding representative sample.In Section 10 (where product standards require measurement of water content per Test Method D95), 50-g small test specimens are taken from each “Large Specimen”for determination of water.In Section 11, five MD and five CD small test specimens are c
47、ut from one of the “Large Specimens” for evaluation of pliability.In Section 12, two small test specimens are cut from one of the “Large Specimens” for evaluation of behavior on heating.In Section 15, small test specimens (three for glass felt, four for organic felt) are cut from each of the “Large
48、Specimens” for analysis by Section 16 (for glass felt) orby Section 17 (for organic felt).FIG. 2 Sample Selection Summary and Flow Diagram(See Individual Sections for Sample Selection Details)D228/D228M 0924t = appropriate t statistic for 95 % confidence and n 1dF(t = 2.776 for n = 5; consult standa
49、rd reference tablefor other values of n).9. Selection of Representative Specimens, All RoofingTypes9.1 Several product standards reference sampling as desig-nated in Test Methods D228 for tests that are not specificallycovered by Test Methods D228. Unless otherwise specified inthese test methods, the large specimens and small test speci-mens shall all be selected from the representative sample (rollor package selected in Section 7) that has the individual netmass per unit area closest to the average net mass per unit
