1、Designation: D228/D228M 15Standard Test Methods forSampling, Testing, and Analysis of Asphalt Roll Roofing,Cap Sheets, and Shingles Used in Roofing andWaterproofing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D228/D228M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof o
2、riginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling,examination
3、, physical testing, and analyses of asphalt-containing materials used in roofing and waterproofing. Thesematerials include but are not limited to roll roofing, cap sheets,and shingles.Any of these materials are allowed to be partiallyor fully coated, surfaced, or laminated, or a combinationthereof.1
4、.2 The test methods and procedures in this standard appearin the following order:Section Content6 Types of Roofing7 Sampling8 Mass and Area Determination9 Selection of Representative Specimens10 Moisture11 Pliability12 Mass Loss and Behavior on Heating13 Tear Strength14 Fastener Pull-Through Resista
5、nce15 Preparation and Selection of Small Test Specimensfor Analyses16 Analysis of Glass Felt Products17 Analysis of Roofing Products with Organic Felts18 Ash of Desaturated Felt19 Calculation20 Adjusting Back Coating Fine Mineral Matter andBack Surfacing21 Report22 Precision and Bias1.3 The values s
6、tated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4
7、 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Docu
8、ments2.1 ASTM Standards:2D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD146 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Bitumen-Saturated Felts and Woven Fabrics for Roofing andWaterproofingD225 Specification for Asphalt Shingles (Organic Felt) Sur-faced With Miner
9、al Granules (Withdrawn 2012)3D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and WaterproofingD1922 Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance ofPlastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum MethodD2178 Specification for Asphalt Glass Felt Used in Roofingand WaterproofingD2626 Specification for Asphalt-Saturate
10、d and Coated Or-ganic Felt Base Sheet Used in RoofingD3462 Specification for Asphalt Shingles Made from GlassFelt and Surfaced with Mineral GranulesD3909 Specification for Asphalt Roll Roofing (Glass Felt)Surfaced With Mineral GranulesD4601 Specification for Asphalt-Coated Glass Fiber BaseSheet Used
11、 in RoofingD4897 Specification forAsphalt-Coated Glass-Fiber VentingBase Sheet Used in RoofingD4932 Test Method for Fastener Rupture and Tear Resis-tance of Roofing and Waterproofing Sheets, Roll Roofing,and ShinglesD6380 Specification forAsphalt Roll Roofing (Organic Felt)F1667 Specification for Dr
12、iven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, andStaples1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 onRoofing and Waterproofing and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD08.02 on Steep Roofing Products and Assemblies.Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Origina
13、llyapproved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D228/D228M 09(2014). DOI: 10.1520/D0228_D0228M-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the
14、 standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definition
15、s of terms used in these test methods, seeTerminology D1079.3.1.2 As referenced in 15.1, “Materials of Uniform Compo-sition” designates products that are manufactured to be thesame thickness, ply count, and mass per unit area in all areasof the material. This would include traditional mineral surfac
16、edrolls, “3 Tab” shingles, and other shingles that have areas ofmaterial removed for appearance purposes (cut-outs) but therest of the shingle is of uniform composition. See Fig. 1, Type1 or Type 2.3.1.3 As referenced in 15.2, “Materials of NonuniformComposition” designates products that are intenti
17、onally manu-factured to have different thickness or mass per unit area withindifferent areas of the product. Examples of materials ofnonuniform composition are selvage edge rolls and overlaid orembossed shingles (where not all of the product has the samethickness). See Fig. 1, Type 3.3.1.4 As refere
18、nced in 15.4, “Materials of Multiple LayerComposition” designates products that are fabricated in mul-tiple layers. See Fig. 1, Type 4.3.1.5 As referenced in these test methods, “Machine Direc-tion” (indicated as MD) is the direction running the longdimension of a roll product (before samples or spe
19、cimens arecut) or the long dimension of a shingle, unless otherwiseknown and agreed to between supplier and purchaser. “CrossDirection” (indicated as CD) designates the direction perpen-dicular to the MD.3.1.6 A production lot is defined as all material producedwithin one production shift of the sam
20、e type, composition, andcolor (where applicable). A delivery lot is defined as ashipment or fraction thereof representing a product of the sametype, composition, and color (where applicable).NOTE 1Not to scale.NOTE 2Type 3 has been illustrated without asphalt coating or fine mineral surfacing on the
21、 reverse side. It is not prohibited to fabricate this productwith asphalt coating or fine material surfacing on the reverse side.FIG. 1 Types of Asphalt-Coated Roll Roofing and ShinglesD228/D228M 1524. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods include procedures for sampling,examination, physical t
22、esting, and analyses of asphalt rollroofing, cap sheets, and shingles used in roofing and water-proofing. Other components of these materials are allowed toinclude, but are not limited to, felts, mats, films, foils, mineralstabilizers, papers, and mineral surfacing.4.2 These test methods include tes
23、ts that are not required byevery product standard that references Test Methods D228/D228M. The individual product standards are the authority forwhich tests are required for compliance. It is not prohibited torun tests in addition to those required in the product standards,but these test methods mak
24、e no claim to their suitability orsignificance.4.3 Five random samples are required from lots equal to orless than 1000 packages. The number of samples required forlots greater than 1000 packages is dependent on the variation inthe unit mass within the lot and is determined by the two-stepsampling p
25、lan in 7.4.4.4 The results of a visual examination, physical testing, andcompositional analysis are required for each sample. Theanalytical data are further used to compute the probableminimum and the probable range for the average mass of eachof the components.5. Materials5.1 Filter PaperThe extrac
26、tions for analysis of glass feltproducts (Section 16) and analysis of roofing products withorganic felt (Section 17) require the use of filter paper with aparticle retention of 2.7 m (see Note 1), This filter paper isdried for 60 min 6 10 % in an 80C 176F oven and storeduntil needed in a desiccator.
27、NOTE 1Whitman No. 50 filter paper 185 mm has been foundsatisfactory for this use.6. Types of Roofing6.1 Asphalt-coated roll roofing and shingles are divided intothe following types for the purposes of these test methods (seeFig. 1).6.1.1 Type 1A single thickness of glass felt, coated withasphalt and
28、 mineral surfacing such as in Specifications D2178,D3462, D3909, D4601, and D4897. The backing material(designated “Fine Mineral Surfacing” in Fig. 1) shall bepermitted to be any suitable material that prevents theseproducts from sticking together while packaged.6.1.2 Type 2A single thickness of asp
29、halt-saturated feltcoated with asphalt and mineral surfacing such as in Specifi-cations D225, D2626, and D6380, Class M. The backingmaterial (designated “Fine Mineral Surfacing” in Fig. 1) shallbe permitted to be any suitable material that prevents theseproducts from sticking together while packaged
30、.6.1.3 Type 3Similar to Type 2, but asphalt coated andsurfaced with mineral granules for part of one side of thesaturated felt such as in Specification D6380, Class WS. Thistype also includes products similar to Type 1 or Type 2 thathave overlay or embossed areas. This does not include prod-ucts tha
31、t are fabricated in multiple layers.6.1.4 Type 4This material is comprised of multiple layersbonded with a suitable adhesive, typically a bituminous mate-rial. Evaluation of the nature of the adhesive or quality of thebond, or both, is outside the scope of this test method. Fig. 1illustrates a typic
32、al configuration for Type 4. This “Type”description is provided to aid the user in understanding how tomatch a given product composition and assembly to itscorresponding Type. It is not intended to limit or excludeproducts with similar, but not identical constructions. Ex-amples of known variations,
33、 which shall not be prohibitedinclude (but are not limited to):6.1.4.1 Materials using other adhesives,6.1.4.2 Materials fabricated with more than two layers,6.1.4.3 Materials that use different relative proportions forthe layers, and6.1.4.4 Materials with other core compositions7. Sampling7.1 The r
34、olls or packages selected in accordance with thissection constitute the representative sample used in Sections 8and 9.7.2 Select five rolls or packages from the lot at random. Donot select any material that shows visual indications of damagefrom shipping or handling. Determine the average net mass i
35、ng/m2lb100 ft2 and the standard deviation in accordance with8.1 8.8.7.3 If the lot is 1000 or fewer rolls or packages, proceed toSection 8. If the lot is 1001 or greater in number, follow thesecond part of the sampling plan in 7.4.7.4 Calculate the required number of samples based on thestandard dev
36、iation (s) of the preliminary sampling by:n 5t2s2d2(1)where:n = total number of samples required (n 5 more rolls orpackages must be selected at random as samples),t = test statistic for number of samples in the preliminarytest series for 4 and a 95 % confidence that thecalculated average mass will n
37、ot exceed d (t = 2.776),andd = 100 g/m22 lb/100 ft2 (the mean mass obtained fromthe analysis should be within 6100 g/m2of the truevalue, with 95 % confidence).7.5 See Fig. 2.8. As Received Mass and Area Determinations, All Typesof Roofing8.1 Gross MassDetermine and record the mass of eachrepresentat
38、ive sample to the nearest 0.1 kg 0.2 lb.8.2 Net MassDisassemble each package or unroll eachroll of the representative sample; shake off any loose surfacingand determine and record the net mass of all the shingles or theentire roll to the nearest 0.1 kg 0.2 lb. Where a productstandard requires it, th
39、e loose surfacing is to be collected andthe mass determined.D228/D228M 1538.3 Packaging and Fixture MassDetermine and record themass to the nearest 0.1 kg 0.2 lb of the packaging and allassociated fixtures shipped with each roll or package of therepresentative sample, such as nails and adhesive.8.4
40、Dimensions of Roll ProductsMeasure and record thelength and width of each roll of roofing and the selvage widthto the nearest 3 mm 18 in.8.5 Shingle Count and DimensionsFrom each of therepresentative sample packages generated in Section 7, countand record the number of shingles in each package. Sele
41、ct oneshingle randomly from each package. Measure the width,length, and cutout dimensions for each of these selectedshingles to the nearest 1 mm 132 in. Calculate and record theaverage for each of these measurements.8.6 Calculate the area of the roofing and the net mass perunit area of the roofing.
42、Report the net mass per unit area ing/m2lb100 ft2 for each representative sample (withoutpackaging, cut outs or loose surfacing).8.7 Calculate and record the average net mass per unit areafor the combined representative samples (without packaging,cut outs, or loose surfacing) in g/m2lb/100 ft2.8.8 C
43、alculate and record the estimate of the standard devia-tion by:s 5(X2n 2 12(X!2nn 2 1!(2)where:s = an unbiased estimate of the standard deviation,X2= the sum of the squares of the individual massdeterminations,(X)2= the square of the sum of the individual massdeterminations, andn = the number of rol
44、ls or packages in the representa-tive sample.8.9 Calculate the 95 % confidence interval for the averagemass by:(Xn6ts=n(3)where:X = sum of the individual mass determinations, andt = appropriate t statistic for 95 % confidence and n 1dF(t = 2.776 for n = 5; consult standard reference tablefor other v
45、alues of n).9. Selection of Representative Specimens, All RoofingTypes9.1 Several product standards reference sampling as desig-nated in Test Methods D228/D228M for tests that are notspecifically covered by Test Methods D228/D228M. Unlessotherwise specified in these test methods, the large specimens
46、and small test specimens shall all be selected from therepresentative sample (roll or package selected in Section 7)that has the individual net mass per unit area closest to theaverage net mass per unit area for the combined representativesamples as determined in Section 8. If more than one roll orp
47、ackage needs to be selected to provide sufficient specimensfor all the tests dictated within the product standard, anyadditional specimens shall be selected from the representativesample that has the net mass per unit area that is next closestIn Section 7, initial “Representative Samples” are select
48、ed (typically five per lot). These are full bundles or rolls. These are the samples used in Section 8.In Section 9, one large “Specimen” is taken from each representative sample (full shingles from 8.5 or a portion of each roll selected in Section 7). These are confirmedto be within 1.5 % of the mas
49、s per area (from 8.6) for the corresponding representative sample.In Section 10 (where product standards require measurement of water content per Test Method D95), 50-g small test specimens are taken from each “Large Specimen”for determination of water.In Section 11, five MD and five CD small test specimens are cut from one of the “Large Specimens” for evaluation of pliability.In Section 12, two small test specimens are cut from one of the “Large Specimens” for evaluation of behavior on heating.In Section 15, small test speci
