1、Designation: D228/D228M 16Standard Test Methods forSampling, Testing, and Analysis of Asphalt Roll Roofing,Cap Sheets, and Shingles Used in Roofing andWaterproofing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D228/D228M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof o
2、riginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling,examination
3、, physical testing, and analyses of asphalt-containing materials used in roofing and waterproofing. Thesematerials include but are not limited to roll roofing, cap sheets,and shingles.Any of these materials are allowed to be partiallyor fully coated, surfaced, or laminated, or a combinationthereof.1
4、.2 The test methods and procedures in this standard appearin the following order:Section Content6 Types of Roofing7 Sampling8 Mass and Area Determination9 Selection of Representative Specimens10 Moisture11 Pliability12 Mass Loss and Behavior on Heating13 Tear Strength14 Fastener Pull-Through Resista
5、nce15 Preparation and Selection of Small Test Specimensfor Analyses16 Analysis of Glass Felt Products17 Analysis of Roofing Products with Organic Felts18 Ash of Desaturated Felt19 Calculation20 Adjusting Back Coating Fine Mineral Matter andBack Surfacing21 Report22 Precision and Bias1.3 The values s
6、tated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4
7、 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Docu
8、ments2.1 ASTM Standards:2D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD146/D146M Test Methods for Sampling and TestingBitumen-Saturated Felts and Woven Fabrics for Roofingand WaterproofingD225 Specification for Asphalt Shingles (Organic Felt) Sur-faced With
9、Mineral Granules (Withdrawn 2012)3D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and WaterproofingD1922 Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance ofPlastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum MethodD2178/D2178M Specification forAsphalt Glass Felt Used inRoofing and WaterproofingD2626/D2626M Specification fo
10、r Asphalt-Saturated andCoated Organic Felt Base Sheet Used in RoofingD3462/D3462M Specification for Asphalt Shingles Madefrom Glass Felt and Surfaced with Mineral GranulesD3909/D3909M Specification for Asphalt Roll Roofing(Glass Felt) Surfaced With Mineral GranulesD4601/D4601M Specification for Asph
11、alt-Coated Glass Fi-ber Base Sheet Used in RoofingD4897/D4897M Specification for Asphalt-Coated Glass-Fiber Venting Base Sheet Used in RoofingD4932/D4932M Test Method for Fastener Rupture and TearResistance of Roofing and Waterproofing Sheets, RollRoofing, and ShinglesD6380/D6380M Specification for
12、Asphalt Roll Roofing (Or-ganic Felt)F1667 Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, andStaples1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 onRoofing and Waterproofing and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD08.02 on Steep Roofing Products and Assemblies.Cur
13、rent edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published December 2016. Originallyapproved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D228/D228M 15.DOI: 10.1520/D0228_D0228M-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
14、Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Uni
15、ted States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in these test methods, seeTerminology D1079.3.1.2 As referenced in 15.1, “Materials of Uniform Compo-sition” designates products that are manufactured to be thesame thickness, ply count, and mass per unit area in all areaso
16、f the material. This would include traditional mineral surfacedrolls, “3 Tab” shingles, and other shingles that have areas ofmaterial removed for appearance purposes (cut-outs) but therest of the shingle is of uniform composition. See Fig. 1, Type1 or Type 2.3.1.3 As referenced in 15.2, “Materials o
17、f NonuniformComposition” designates products that are intentionally manu-factured to have different thickness or mass per unit area withindifferent areas of the product. Examples of materials ofnonuniform composition are selvage edge rolls and overlaid orembossed shingles (where not all of the produ
18、ct has the samethickness). See Fig. 1, Type 3.3.1.4 As referenced in 15.4, “Materials of Multiple LayerComposition” designates products that are fabricated in mul-tiple layers. See Fig. 1, Type 4.3.1.5 As referenced in these test methods, “Machine Direc-tion” (indicated as MD) is the direction runni
19、ng the longdimension of a roll product (before samples or specimens arecut) or the long dimension of a shingle, unless otherwiseknown and agreed to between supplier and purchaser. “CrossDirection” (indicated as CD) designates the direction perpen-dicular to the MD.3.1.6 A production lot is defined a
20、s all material producedwithin one production shift of the same type, composition, andcolor (where applicable). A delivery lot is defined as ashipment or fraction thereof representing a product of the sametype, composition, and color (where applicable).NOTE 1Not to scale.NOTE 2Type 3 has been illustr
21、ated without asphalt coating or fine mineral surfacing on the reverse side. It is not prohibited to fabricate this productwith asphalt coating or fine material surfacing on the reverse side.FIG. 1 Types of Asphalt-Coated Roll Roofing and ShinglesD228/D228M 1624. Significance and Use4.1 These test me
22、thods include procedures for sampling,examination, physical testing, and analyses of asphalt rollroofing, cap sheets, and shingles used in roofing and water-proofing. Other components of these materials are allowed toinclude, but are not limited to, felts, mats, films, foils, mineralstabilizers, pap
23、ers, and mineral surfacing.4.2 These test methods include tests that are not required byevery product standard that references Test Methods D228/D228M. The individual product standards are the authority forwhich tests are required for compliance. It is not prohibited torun tests in addition to those
24、 required in the product standards,but these test methods make no claim to their suitability orsignificance.4.3 Five random samples are required from lots equal to orless than 1000 packages. The number of samples required forlots greater than 1000 packages is dependent on the variation inthe unit ma
25、ss within the lot and is determined by the two-stepsampling plan in 7.4.4.4 The results of a visual examination, physical testing, andcompositional analysis are required for each sample. Theanalytical data are further used to compute the probableminimum and the probable range for the average mass of
26、 eachof the components.5. Materials5.1 Filter PaperThe extractions for analysis of glass feltproducts (Section 16) and analysis of roofing products withorganic felt (Section 17) require the use of filter paper with aparticle retention of 2.7 m (see Note 1), This filter paper isdried for 60 min 6 10
27、% in an 80C 176F oven and storeduntil needed in a desiccator.NOTE 1Whitman No. 50 filter paper 185 mm has been foundsatisfactory for this use.6. Types of Roofing6.1 Asphalt-coated roll roofing and shingles are divided intothe following types for the purposes of these test methods (seeFig. 1).6.1.1 T
28、ype 1A single thickness of glass felt, coated withasphalt and mineral surfacing such as in Specifications D2178/D2178M, D3462/D3462M, D3909/D3909M, D4601/D4601M,and D4897/D4897M. The backing material (designated “FineMineral Surfacing” in Fig. 1) shall be permitted to be anysuitable material that pr
29、events these products from stickingtogether while packaged.6.1.2 Type 2A single thickness of asphalt-saturated feltcoated with asphalt and mineral surfacing such as in Specifi-cations D225, D2626/D2626M, and D6380/D6380M, Class M.The backing material (designated “Fine Mineral Surfacing” inFig. 1) sh
30、all be permitted to be any suitable material thatprevents these products from sticking together while packaged.6.1.3 Type 3Similar to Type 2, but asphalt coated andsurfaced with mineral granules for part of one side of thesaturated felt such as in Specification D6380/D6380M, ClassWS. This type also
31、includes products similar to Type 1 or Type2 that have overlay or embossed areas. This does not includeproducts that are fabricated in multiple layers.6.1.4 Type 4This material is comprised of multiple layersbonded with a suitable adhesive, typically a bituminous mate-rial. Evaluation of the nature
32、of the adhesive or quality of thebond, or both, is outside the scope of this test method. Fig. 1illustrates a typical configuration for Type 4. This “Type”description is provided to aid the user in understanding how tomatch a given product composition and assembly to itscorresponding Type. It is not
33、 intended to limit or excludeproducts with similar, but not identical constructions. Ex-amples of known variations, which shall not be prohibitedinclude (but are not limited to):6.1.4.1 Materials using other adhesives,6.1.4.2 Materials fabricated with more than two layers,6.1.4.3 Materials that use
34、different relative proportions forthe layers, and6.1.4.4 Materials with other core compositions7. Sampling7.1 The rolls or packages selected in accordance with thissection constitute the representative sample used in Sections 8and 9.7.2 Select five rolls or packages from the lot at random. Donot sel
35、ect any material that shows visual indications of damagefrom shipping or handling. Determine the average net mass ing/m2lb100 ft2 and the standard deviation in accordance with8.1 8.8.7.3 If the lot is 1000 or fewer rolls or packages, proceed toSection 8. If the lot is 1001 or greater in number, foll
36、ow thesecond part of the sampling plan in 7.4.7.4 Calculate the required number of samples based on thestandard deviation (s) of the preliminary sampling by:n 5t2s2d2(1)where:n = total number of samples required (n 5 more rolls orpackages must be selected at random as samples),t = test statistic for
37、 number of samples in the preliminarytest series for 4 and a 95 % confidence that thecalculated average mass will not exceed d (t = 2.776),andd = 100 g/m22 lb/100 ft2 (the mean mass obtained fromthe analysis should be within 6100 g/m2of the truevalue, with 95 % confidence).7.5 See Fig. 2.8. As Recei
38、ved Mass and Area Determinations, All Typesof Roofing8.1 Gross MassDetermine and record the mass of eachrepresentative sample to the nearest 0.1 kg 0.2 lb.8.2 Net MassDisassemble each package or unroll eachroll of the representative sample; shake off any loose surfacingand determine and record the n
39、et mass of all the shingles or theD228/D228M 163entire roll to the nearest 0.1 kg 0.2 lb. Where a productstandard requires it, the loose surfacing is to be collected andthe mass determined.8.3 Packaging and Fixture MassDetermine and record themass to the nearest 0.1 kg 0.2 lb of the packaging and al
40、lassociated fixtures shipped with each roll or package of therepresentative sample, such as nails and adhesive.8.4 Dimensions of Roll ProductsMeasure and record thelength and width of each roll of roofing and the selvage widthto the nearest 3 mm 18 in.8.5 Shingle Count and DimensionsFrom each of the
41、representative sample packages generated in Section 7, countand record the number of shingles in each package. Select oneshingle randomly from each package. Measure the width,length, and cutout dimensions for each of these selectedshingles to the nearest 1 mm 132 in. Calculate and record theaverage
42、for each of these measurements.8.6 Calculate the area of the roofing and the net mass perunit area of the roofing. Report the net mass per unit area ing/m2lb100 ft2 for each representative sample (withoutpackaging, cut outs or loose surfacing).8.7 Calculate and record the average net mass per unit a
43、reafor the combined representative samples (without packaging,cut outs, or loose surfacing) in g/m2lb/100 ft2.8.8 Calculate and record the estimate of the standard devia-tion by:s 5(X2n 2 12(X!2nn 2 1!(2)where:s = an unbiased estimate of the standard deviation,X2= the sum of the squares of the indiv
44、idual massdeterminations,(X)2= the square of the sum of the individual massdeterminations, andn = the number of rolls or packages in the representa-tive sample.8.9 Calculate the 95 % confidence interval for the averagemass by:(Xn6ts=n(3)where:X = sum of the individual mass determinations, andt = app
45、ropriate t statistic for 95 % confidence and n 1dF(t = 2.776 for n = 5; consult standard reference tablefor other values of n).9. Selection of Representative Specimens, All RoofingTypes9.1 Several product standards reference sampling as desig-nated in Test Methods D228/D228M for tests that are notsp
46、ecifically covered by Test Methods D228/D228M. Unlessotherwise specified in these test methods, the large specimensand small test specimens shall all be selected from therepresentative sample (roll or package selected in Section 7)that has the individual net mass per unit area closest to theaverage
47、net mass per unit area for the combined representativesamples as determined in Section 8. If more than one roll orIn Section 7, initial “Representative Samples” are selected (typically five per lot). These are full bundles or rolls. These are the samples used in Section 8.In Section 9, one large “Sp
48、ecimen” is taken from each representative sample (full shingles from 8.5 or a portion of each roll selected in Section 7). These are confirmedto be within 1.5 % of the mass per area (from 8.6) for the corresponding representative sample.In Section 10 (where product standards require measurement of w
49、ater content per Test Method D95), 50-g small test specimens are taken from each “Large Specimen”for determination of water.In Section 11, five MD and five CD small test specimens are cut from one of the “Large Specimens” for evaluation of pliability.In Section 12, two small test specimens are cut from one of the “Large Specimens” for evaluation of behavior on heating.In Section 15, small test specimens (three for glass felt, four for organic felt) are cut from each of the “Large Specimens” for analysis by Section 16 (for gla
