1、Designation: D 228 08Standard Test Methods forSampling, Testing, and Analysis of Asphalt Roll Roofing,Cap Sheets, and Shingles Used in Roofing andWaterproofing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 228; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling,examination, physical
3、 testing, and analyses of asphalt-containing materials used in roofing and waterproofing. Thesematerials include but are not limited to roll roofing, cap sheets,and shingles.Any of these materials are allowed to be partiallyor fully coated, surfaced, or laminated, or a combinationthereof.1.2 The tes
4、t methods and procedures in this standard appearin the following order:Section Content5 Types of Roofing6 Sampling7 Mass and Area Determination8 Selection of Representative Specimens9 Moisture10 Pliability11 Mass Loss and Behavior on Heating12 Tear Strength13 Fastener Pull-Through Resistance14 Prepa
5、ration and Selection of Small Test Specimensfor Analyses15 Analysis of Glass Felt Products16 Analysis of Roofing Products with Organic Felts17 Ash of Desaturated Felt18 Calculation19 Adjusting Back Coating Fine Mineral Matter andBack Surfacing20 Report21 Precision and Bias1.3 The values stated in SI
6、 units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
7、It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by Dis
8、tillationD 146 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Bitumen-Saturated Felts and Woven Fabrics for Roofing and Wa-terproofingD 225 Specification for Asphalt Shingles (Organic Felt)Surfaced With Mineral GranulesD 1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproof-ingD 1922 Test Method for Propagatio
9、n Tear Resistance ofPlastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum MethodD 2178 Specification for Asphalt Glass Felt Used in Roof-ing and WaterproofingD 2626 Specification for Asphalt-Saturated and Coated Or-ganic Felt Base Sheet Used in RoofingD 3462 Specification forAsphalt Shingles Made from GlassFel
10、t and Surfaced with Mineral GranulesD 3909 Specification for Asphalt Roll Roofing (Glass Felt)Surfaced With Mineral GranulesD 4601 Specification for Asphalt-Coated Glass Fiber BaseSheet Used in RoofingD 4897 Specification for Asphalt-Coated Glass-Fiber Vent-ing Base Sheet Used in RoofingD 4932 Test
11、Method for Fastener Rupture and Tear Resis-tance of Roofing and Waterproofing Sheets, Roll Roofing,and ShinglesD 6380 Specification for Asphalt Roll Roofing (OrganicFelt)F 1667 Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes,and Staples1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committ
12、ee D08 onRoofing and Waterproofing and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD08.02 on Prepared Roofings, Shingles and Siding Materials.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008. Published September 2008. Originallyapproved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 228 06.2For refere
13、nced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
14、Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in these test methods, seeTerminology D 1079.3.1.2 As referenced in 14.1, “Materials of Uniform Compo-sition” designates products that are manufactured to be thesame thickness, ply count, and
15、 mass per unit area in all areasof the material. This would include traditional mineral surfacedrolls, “3 Tab” shingles, and other shingles that have areas ofmaterial removed for appearance purposes (cut-outs) but therest of the shingle is of uniform composition. See Fig. 1, Type1 or Type 2.3.1.3 As
16、 referenced in 14.2, “Materials of NonuniformComposition” designates products that are intentionally manu-factured to have different thickness or mass per unit area withindifferent areas of the product. Examples of materials ofnonuniform composition are selvage edge rolls and overlaid orembossed shi
17、ngles (where not all of the product has the samethickness). See Fig. 1, Type 3.3.1.4 As referenced in 14.4, “Materials of Multiple LayerComposition” designates products that are fabricated in mul-tiple layers. See Fig. 1, Type 4.3.1.5 As referenced in these test methods, “Machine Direc-tion” (indica
18、ted as MD) is the direction running the longdimension of a roll product (before samples or specimens arecut) or the long dimension of a shingle, unless otherwiseknown and agreed to between supplier and purchaser. “CrossDirection” (indicated as CD) designates the direction perpen-dicular to the MD.3.
19、1.6 A production lot is defined as all material producedwithin one production shift of the same type, composition, andcolor (where applicable). A delivery lot is defined as aNOTE 1Not to scale.NOTE 2Type 3 has been illustrated without asphalt coating or fine mineral surfacing on the reverse side. It
20、 is not prohibited to fabricate this productwith asphalt coating or fine material surfacing on the reverse side.FIG. 1 Types of Asphalt-Coated Roll Roofing and ShinglesD228082shipment or fraction thereof representing a product of the sametype, composition, and color (where applicable).4. Significanc
21、e and Use4.1 These test methods include procedures for sampling,examination, physical testing, and analyses of asphalt rollroofing, cap sheets, and shingles used in roofing and water-proofing. Other components of these materials are allowed toinclude, but are not limited to, felts, mats, films, foil
22、s, mineralstabilizers, papers, and mineral surfacing.4.2 These test methods include tests that are not required byevery product standard that references Test Methods D 228.The individual product standards are the authority for whichtests are required for compliance. It is not prohibited to runtests
23、in addition to those required in the product standards, butthese test methods make no claim to their suitability orsignificance.4.3 Five random samples are required from lots equal to orless than 1000 packages. The number of samples required forlots greater than 1000 packages is dependent on the var
24、iation inthe unit mass within the lot and is determined by the two-stepsampling plan in 6.4.4.4 The results of a visual examination, physical testing, andcompositional analysis are required for each sample. Theanalytical data are further used to compute the probableminimum and the probable range for
25、 the average mass of eachof the components.5. Types of Roofing5.1 Asphalt-coated roll roofing and shingles are divided intothe following types for the purposes of these test methods (seeFig. 1).5.1.1 Type 1A single thickness of glass felt, coated withasphalt and mineral surfacing such as in Specific
26、ations D 2178,D 3462, D 3909, D 4601, and D 4897. The backing material(designated “Fine Mineral Surfacing” in Fig. 1) shall bepermitted to be any suitable material that prevents theseproducts from sticking together while packaged.5.1.2 Type 2A single thickness of asphalt-saturated feltcoated with as
27、phalt and mineral surfacing such as in Specifi-cations D 225, D 2626, and D 6380, Class M. The backingmaterial (designated “Fine Mineral Surfacing” in Fig. 1) shallbe permitted to be any suitable material that prevents theseproducts from sticking together while packaged.5.1.3 Type 3Similar to Type 2
28、, but asphalt coated andsurfaced with mineral granules for part of one side of thesaturated felt such as in Specification D 6380, Class WS. Thistype also includes products similar to Type 1 or Type 2 thathave overlay or embossed areas. This does not include prod-ucts that are fabricated in multiple
29、layers.5.1.4 Type 4This material is comprised of multiple layersbonded with a suitable adhesive, typically a bituminous mate-rial. Evaluation of the nature of the adhesive or quality of thebond, or both, is outside the scope of this test method. Fig. 1illustrates a typical configuration for Type 4.
30、This “Type”description is provided to aid the user in understanding how tomatch a given product composition and assembly to itscorresponding Type. It is not intended to limit or excludeproducts with similar, but not identical constructions. Ex-amples of known variations, which shall not be prohibite
31、dinclude (but are not limited to):5.1.4.1 Materials using other adhesives,5.1.4.2 Materials fabricated with more than two layers,5.1.4.3 Materials that use different relative proportions forthe layers, and5.1.4.4 Materials with other core compositions6. Sampling6.1 The rolls or packages selected in
32、accordance with thissection constitute the representative sample used in Sections 7and 8.6.2 Select five rolls or packages from the lot at random. Donot select any material that shows visual indications of damagefrom shipping or handling. Determine the average net mass perg/m2(lb/100 ft2) and the st
33、andard deviation in accordance with7.1-7.8.6.3 If the lot is 1000 or fewer rolls or packages, proceed toSection 7. If the lot is 1001 or greater in number, follow thesecond part of the sampling plan in 6.4.6.4 Calculate the required number of samples based on thestandard deviation (s) of the prelimi
34、nary sampling by:n 5t2s2d2(1)where:n = total number of samples required (n 5 more rolls orpackages must be selected at random as samples),t = test statistic for number of samples in the preliminarytest series for 4 and a 95 % confidence that thecalculated average mass will not exceed d (t = 2.776),a
35、ndd = 100 g/m2(2 lb/100 ft2) (the mean mass obtained fromthe analysis should be within 6100 g/m2of the truevalue, with 95 % confidence).6.5 See Fig. 2.7. As Received Mass and Area Determinations, All Typesof Roofing7.1 Gross MassDetermine and record the mass of eachrepresentative sample to the neare
36、st 0.1 kg (0.2 lb).7.2 Net MassDisassemble each package or unroll eachroll of the representative sample; shake off any loose surfacingand determine and record the net mass of all the shingles or theentire roll to the nearest 0.1 kg (0.2 lb). Where a productstandard requires it, the loose surfacing i
37、s to be collected andthe mass determined.7.3 Packaging and Fixture MassDetermine and recordthe mass to the nearest 0.1 kg (0.2 lb) of the packaging and allassociated fixtures shipped with each roll or package of therepresentative sample, such as nails and adhesive.7.4 Dimensions of Roll ProductsMeas
38、ure and record thelength and width of each roll of roofing and the selvage widthto the nearest 3 mm (18 in.).7.5 Shingle Count and DimensionsFrom each of therepresentative sample packages generated in Section 6, countand record the number of shingles in each package. Select oneshingle randomly from
39、each package. Measure the width,length, and cutout dimensions for each of these selectedD228083shingles to the nearest 1 mm (132 in.). Calculate and record theaverage for each of these measurements.7.6 Calculate the area of the roofing and the net mass perunit area of the roofing. Report the net mas
40、s per unit area asg/m2(lb/100 ft2) for each representative sample (withoutpackaging, cut outs or loose surfacing).7.7 Calculate and record the average net mass per unit areafor the combined representative samples (without packaging,cut outs, or loose surfacing) as (lb/100 ft2).7.8 Calculate and reco
41、rd the estimate of the standard devia-tion by:s 5(X2n 2 12(X!2nn 2 1!(2)where:s = an unbiased estimate of the standard deviation,(X2= the sum of the squares of the individual massdeterminations,(X)2= the square of the sum of the individual massdeterminations, andn = the number of rolls or packages i
42、n the representa-tive sample.7.9 Calculate the 95 % confidence interval for the averagemass by:(Xn6ts=n(3)where:(X = sum of the individual mass determinations, andt = appropriate t statistic for 95 % confidence and n 1dF (t = 2.776 for n = 5; consult standard referencetable for other values of n).8.
43、 Selection of Representative Specimens, All RoofingTypes8.1 Several product standards reference sampling as desig-nated in Test Methods D 228 for tests that are not specificallycovered by Test Methods D 228. Unless otherwise specified inthese test methods, the large specimens and small test speci-me
44、ns shall all be selected from the representative sample (rollor package selected in Section 6) that has the individual netmass per unit area closest to the average net mass per unit areafor the combined representative samples as determined inSection 7. If more than one roll or package needs to be se
45、lectedto provide sufficient specimens for all the tests dictated withinthe product standard, any additional specimens shall be se-lected from the representative sample that has the net mass perunit area that is next closest to the average net mass per unitarea of the combined representative samples.
46、NOTE 1It is the intent of these test methods that whenever notspecifically directed to select specimens in some other manner, specimensshall be selected from the representative sample that is the closest in massper unit area to the average mass per unit area of the combinedrepresentative samples.8.2
47、 For roll products, select a specimen of roofing, the fullsheet width and at least1m(3ft)inlength from each roll,starting a minimum of three wraps into the roll. For shingleproducts, the shingles from 7.5 shall be used.In Section 6, initial “Representative Samples” are selected (typically five per l
48、ot). These are full bundles or rolls. These are the samples used in Section 7.In Section 8, one large “Specimen” is taken from each representative sample (full shingles from 7.5 or a portion of each roll selected in Section 6). These are confirmedto be within 1.5 % of the mass per area (from 7.6) fo
49、r the corresponding representative sample.In Section 9 (where product standards require measurement of water content per Test Method D95), 50-g small test specimens are taken from each “Large Specimen”for determination of water.In Section 10, five MD and five CD small test specimens are cut from one of the “Large Specimens” for evaluation of pliability.In Section 11, two small test specimens are cut from one of the “Large Specimens” for evaluation of behavior on heating.In Section 14, small test specimens (three for glass felt, four for organic felt) are cut fr
