1、Designation: D 229 09aAn American National StandardStandard Test Methods forRigid Sheet and Plate Materials Used for ElectricalInsulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 229; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test
3、 methods cover procedures for testing rigidelectrical insulation normally manufactured in flat sheet orplate form. They are generally used as terminal boards, spacers,voltage barriers, and circuit boards.NOTE 1For tests applying to vulcanized fibre reference needs to bemade to Test Methods D 619.NOT
4、E 2This standard resembles IEC 60893-2, Specification for RigidIndustrial Laminated Sheets Based On Thermosetting Resins for ElectricalPurpose, Methods of Tests.1.2 The test methods appear in the following sections:Test SectionsASTMTestMethodAcetone extractable matter 83 to 84 D 494Arc resistance 47
5、 D 495Ash 56 to 60 .Bonding strength 49 to 54 .Burning rate and flame resistance 61 to 75 .Compressive strength 25 D 695Conditioning 4 D 6054Dissipation factor 34 to 40 D 669Dielectric strength 28 to 33 D 149Expansion (linear thermal) 76 D 696Flexural properties 12 to 24 D 790Hardness (Rockwell) 55
6、D 785Insulation resistance and resistivity 41 to 46 D 257Permittivity 34 to 40 D 150Resistance to impact 26 D 256Tensile properties 7 to 11 D 638Thickness 5 to 6 D 374Tracking resistance 48 D 2132Warp or twist 77 to 82 .Water absorption 27 D 5701.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be reg
7、ardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This is a fire-test-response standard. See Sections 61through 75, which are the procedures for burning rate andflame resistance.1.5 This
8、 standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionar
9、y statements are given in 31.1 and 1.6.1.6 This standard measures and describes the response ofmaterials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate allfactors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or
10、 assemblies under actual fire conditions.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage andDielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materialsat Commercial Power FrequenciesD 150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Per-mittivity (Diele
11、ctric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insula-tionD 256 Test Methods for Determining the Izod PendulumImpact Resistance of PlasticsD 257 Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance ofInsulating MaterialsD 374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-lationD 494 Test Method for Acetone Extr
12、action of PhenolicMolded or Laminated ProductsD 495 Test Method for High-Voltage, Low-Current, DryArc Resistance of Solid Electrical InsulationD 570 Test Method for Water Absorption of PlasticsD 617 Test Method for Punching Quality of Phenolic Lami-nated Sheets3D 619 Test Methods for Vulcanized Fibr
13、e Used for Electri-cal Insulation1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 onElectrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D09.07 on Flexible and Rigid Insulating Materials.Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published J
14、uly 2009. Originally approvedin 1925. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D 229 09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summ
15、ary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Sta
16、tes.D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD 669 Test Method for Dissipation Factor and PermittivityParallel with Laminations of Laminated Sheet and PlateMaterialsD 695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of RigidPlasticsD 696 Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Ex-pansion
17、of Plastics Between 30C and 30C with aVitreous Silica DilatometerD 785 Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics andElectrical Insulating MaterialsD 790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforcedand Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsD 792 Test Methods for Density a
18、nd Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD 883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD 1674 Methods of Testing Polymerizable EmbeddingCompounds Used for Electrical Insulation3D 1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical InsulationD 1825 Practice for Etching and Cleaning Copper-CladE
19、lectrical Insulating Materials and Thermosetting Lami-nates for Electrical TestingD 2132 Test Method for Dust-and-Fog Tracking and Ero-sion Resistance of Electrical Insulating MaterialsD 2303 Test Methods for Liquid-Contaminant, Inclined-Plane Tracking and Erosion of Insulating MaterialsD 3487 Speci
20、fication for Mineral Insulating Oil Used inElectrical ApparatusD 5032 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humid-ity by Means of Aqueous Glycerin SolutionsD 6054 Practice for Conditioning Electrical Insulating Ma-terials for TestingE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 197 Discontinued 1981; Sp
21、ecification for Enclosures andServicing Units for Tests Above and Below Room Tem-perature32.2 IEC Standard:IEC 608932 Specification for Rigid Industrial LaminatedSheets Based on Thermosetting Resins for ElectricalPurpose, Methods of Tests42.3 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)Stand
22、ard:ISO 13943 Fire Safety: Vocabulary53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsRigid electrical insulating materials aredefined in these test methods in accordance with TerminologyD 883. The terminology applied to materials in these testmethods shall be in accordance with the terms appearing inTerminologies D 8
23、83 and D 1711. Use Terminology E 176 andISO 13943 for definitions of terms used in this test method andassociated with fire issues. Where differences exist in defini-tions, those contained in Terminology E 176 shall be used.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 In referring to the
24、 cutting, application, and loading ofthe specimens, the following terms apply:3.2.1.1 crosswise (CW), adjin the direction of the sheet at90 to the lengthwise direction. This is normally the weakestdirection in flexure. For some materials, including the rawmaterials used for manufacture of materials
25、considered herein,this direction may be designated as the cross-machine directionor the weft direction.3.2.1.2 edgewise loading, nmechanical force applied inthe plane of the original sheet or plate.3.2.1.3 flatwise loading, nmechanical force applied nor-mal to the surfaces of the original sheet or p
26、late.3.2.1.4 lengthwise (LW), adjin the direction of the sheetwhich is strongest in flexure. For some materials, including theraw materials used for the manufacture of materials consideredherein, this direction may be designated as the machinedirection or the warp direction.3.2.2 In referring to bon
27、ding strength, the following termapplies:3.2.2.1 bonding strength, nthe force required to split aprescribed specimen under the test conditions specified herein.4. Conditioning4.1 The properties of the materials described in these testmethods are affected by the temperature and moisture exposureof th
28、e materials to a greater or lesser extent, depending on theparticular material and the specific property. Control of tem-perature and humidity exposure is undertaken to: (1) obtainsatisfactory test precision, or (2) study the behavior of thematerial as influenced by specific temperature and humidity
29、conditions.4.2 Unless otherwise specified in these test methods or by aspecific ASTM material specification, or unless material be-havior at a specific exposure is desired, condition test speci-mens in accordance with Procedure A of Practice D 6054 andtest in the Standard Laboratory Atmosphere (23 6
30、 1.1 C, 506 2 % relative humidity).THICKNESS5. Apparatus and Procedure5.1 Measure thickness in accordance with Test MethodsD 374.5.2 On test specimens, the use of a machinists micrometeras specified in Method B is satisfactory for the determination ofthickness for all of the test methods that follow
31、. Where it isconvenient, use the deadweight dial micrometer, Method C.5.3 On large sheets, use Method B. Choose a micrometerwith a yoke of sufficient size and rigidity to permit accuratemeasurements in the center of the sheet.6. Precision and Bias6.1 Results of comparative tests in several factories
32、, mea-suring 36-in. (914-mm) square sheets by a variety of suchdevices, indicate that the trade is able to measure sheets132 and18 in. (1 and 3 mm) in thickness to accuracy of 0.0015 in.(0.0381 mm). (In the tests, s, of 0.0005 in. (0.0127 mm) wasobtained.)4Available from American National Standards
33、Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Available from International Organization for Standardization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland or from American National Standards Institute(ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www
34、.ansi.org.D 229 09a26.2 This test method has no bias because the value forbreaking strength is determined solely in terms of this testmethod itself.TENSILE PROPERTIES7. Test Specimens7.1 Machine the test specimens from sample material toconform to the dimensions of sheet and plate materials in Fig.1
35、.7.2 Prepare four LW and four CW specimens.8. Rate of Loading8.1 The materials covered by these test methods generallyexhibit high elastic modulus. Use any crosshead speed pro-vided that the load and strain indicators are capable of accuratemeasurement at the speed used, except use 0.05 in./min (1mm
36、/min) in matters of dispute.9. Procedure9.1 Measure the tensile strength and elastic modulus inaccordance with Test Method D 638 except as modified in thefollowing paragraphs.9.2 Measure the width and thickness of the specimen to thenearest 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) at several points along the lengthof t
37、he flat section, which is indicated as Dimension F in Fig. 1.Record the minimum values of cross-sectional area so deter-mined.9.3 Place the specimen in the grips of the testing machine,taking care to align the long axis of the specimen and the gripswith an imaginary line joining the points of attach
38、ment of thegrips to the machine.Allow 0.25 in. (6.3 mm) between the endsof the gripping surfaces and the shoulders of the fillet of the flattest specimen; thus, it is important that the ends of the grippingsurfaces be the indicated distance apart, as shown in Fig. 1,atthe start of the test. Tighten
39、the grips evenly and firmly to thedegree necessary to prevent slippage of the specimen duringthe test, but not to the point where the specimen would becrushed.9.4 Tensile StrengthSet the rate of loading. Load thespecimen at the indicated rate until the specimen ruptures.Record the maximum load (usua
40、lly the load at rupture).9.5 Elastic ModulusWhen elastic modulus is desired, usea load-extension recorder with appropriate extension transmit-ter and proceed as in 9.3. Attach the extension transmitter, andproceed as in 9.4.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Complete identificati
41、on of the material tested,10.1.2 Type of test specimen (I or II),10.1.3 Conditioning if other than specified,10.1.4 Speed of testing,10.1.5 Calculated tensile strength, average, maximum, andminimum in lb/in.2(MPa), for LW and CW specimens, respec-tively,10.1.6 Calculated elastic modulus when applica
42、ble, aver-age, maximum, and minimum in lb/in.2(MPa), for LW and CWspecimens, respectively, andDimensionNominal Thickness, TTolerance14 in. (6 mm) or UnderOver14 in. (6 mm) to12 in.(13 mm), inclOver12 in. (13 mm) to 1in. (25 mm), inclAType I Type IIBType I Type IIBType Imm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm
43、 in. mm in.CWidth over-all 19.05 0.750 19.05 0.750 28.57 1.125 28.57 1.125 38.10 1.500 60.40 + 0.0160.00 0.000WWidth of flat section 12.70 0.500 6.35 0.250 19.05 0.750 9.52 0.375 25.40 1.000 + 0.12 + 0.005FLength of flat section 57.1 2.25 57.1 2.250 57.1 2.25 57.1 2.25 57.1 2.25 60.40 60.016GGauge l
44、engthC50.8 2.00 50.8 2.00 50.8 2.00 50.8 2.00 50.8 2.00 60.40 60.016DDistance between grips 114 412 133 514 114 412 133 514 133 514 63 618LLength over-all 216 812 238 938 248 934 257 1018 305 12 min minRad.Radius of fillet 76 3 76 3 76 3 76 3 76 3 min minAFor sheets of a nominal thickness over 1 in.
45、 (25.4 mm) machine the specimens to 1 in. (25.4 mm) 6 0.010 in. (0.25 mm) in thickness. For thickness between 1 in.(25.4 mm) and 2 in. (51 mm), machine approximately equal amounts from each surface. For thicker sheets, machine both surfaces and note the location of the specimenwith reference to the
46、original thickness.BUse the type II specimen for material from which theType I specimen does not give satisfactory failures in the gauge length, such as for resin-impregnated compressedlaminated wood.CTest marks only.FIG. 1 Tension Test Specimen for Sheet and Plate Insulating MaterialsD 229 09a310.1
47、.7 Any other tensile property calculated from the mea-surements obtained.11. Precision and Bias11.1 This test method has been in use for many years, but nostatement for precision has been made and no activity isplanned to develop such a statement.11.2 This test method has no bias because the value f
48、orbreaking strength is determined solely in terms of this testmethod itself. See Test Method D 638 for a discussion ofprecision and bias for tensile testing of plastics.FLEXURAL PROPERTIES12. Test Specimens12.1 Test four LW and four CW specimens machined fromsample material in accordance with Test M
49、ethods D 790.NOTE 3Conventional flexure tests in a flatwise direction are notrecommended for materials thinner than132 in. (1 mm) nor in theedgewise direction for materials thinner than14 in. (6 mm).13. Rate of Loading13.1 The materials covered by these test methods generallyrupture during flexural testing at small deflections. Therefore,ProcedureA(strain rate of 0.01/min) is specified whenever it isdesired to obtain the modulus of elasticity. Use any crossheadspeed that produces failure in no less than 1 min when flexuralstrength onl
