1、Designation: D229 09bAn American National StandardStandard Test Methods forRigid Sheet and Plate Materials Used for ElectricalInsulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D229; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test m
3、ethods cover procedures for testing rigidelectrical insulation normally manufactured in flat sheet orplate form. They are generally used as terminal boards, spacers,voltage barriers, and circuit boards.NOTE 1For tests applying to vulcanized fibre reference needs to bemade to Test Methods D619.NOTE 2
4、This standard resembles IEC 60893-2, Specification for RigidIndustrial Laminated Sheets Based On Thermosetting Resins for ElectricalPurpose, Methods of Tests.1.2 The test methods appear in the following sections:Test SectionsASTMTestMethodAcetone extractable matter 83 to 84 D494Arc resistance 47 D49
5、5Ash 56 to 60 .Bonding strength 49 to 54 .Burning rate and flame resistance 61 to 75 .Compressive strength 25 D695Conditioning 4 D6054Dissipation factor 34 to 40 D669Dielectric strength 28 to 33 D149Expansion (linear thermal) 76 D696Flexural properties 12 to 24 D790Hardness (Rockwell) 55 D785Insulat
6、ion resistance and resistivity 41 to 46 D257Permittivity 34 to 40 D150Resistance to impact 26 D256Tensile properties 7 to 11 D638Thickness 5 to 6 D374Tracking resistance 48 D2132Warp or twist 77 to 82 .Water absorption 27 D5701.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. T
7、he values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This is a fire-test-response standard. See Sections 61through 75, which are the procedures for burning rate andflame resistance.1.5 This standard does not
8、purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are gi
9、ven in 31.1 and 1.6.1.6 This standard measures and describes the response ofmaterials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate allfactors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under a
10、ctual fire conditions.1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage andDielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulatin
11、g Materialsat Commercial Power FrequenciesD150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Per-mittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insula-tionD256 Test Methods for Determining the Izod PendulumImpact Resistance of PlasticsD257 Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance ofInsulati
12、ng MaterialsD374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-lationD494 Test Method for Acetone Extraction of PhenolicMolded or Laminated ProductsD495 Test Method for High-Voltage, Low-Current, DryArc1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 onElectrical and Electr
13、onic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D09.07 on Flexible and Rigid Insulating Materials.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D229 09a. DOI:10.1520/D0229-09b.2For refe
14、renced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Cop
15、yright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Resistance of Solid Electrical InsulationD570 Test Method for Water Absorption of PlasticsD617 Test Method for Punching Quality of Phenolic Lami-nated Sheets3D619 Test Methods for Vulcanize
16、d Fibre Used for Electri-cal InsulationD638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD669 Test Method for Dissipation Factor and PermittivityParallel with Laminations of Laminated Sheet and PlateMaterialsD695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of RigidPlasticsD696 Test Method for Coefficien
17、t of Linear Thermal Ex-pansion of Plastics Between 30C and 30C with aVitreous Silica DilatometerD785 Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics andElectrical Insulating MaterialsD790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforcedand Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsD79
18、2 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD1674 Methods of Testing Polymerizable EmbeddingCompounds Used for Electrical Insulation3D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical InsulationD1825 Practice for Etching a
19、nd Cleaning Copper-CladElectrical Insulating Materials and Thermosetting Lami-nates for Electrical TestingD2132 Test Method for Dust-and-Fog Tracking and ErosionResistance of Electrical Insulating MaterialsD2303 Test Methods for Liquid-Contaminant, Inclined-Plane Tracking and Erosion of Insulating M
20、aterialsD3487 Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used inElectrical ApparatusD5032 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humid-ity by Means of Aqueous Glycerin SolutionsD6054 Practice for Conditioning Electrical Insulating Ma-terials for TestingE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE197 Discon
21、tinued 1981; Specification for Enclosures andServicing Units for Tests Above and Below Room Tem-perature32.2 IEC Standard:IEC 608932 Specification for Rigid Industrial LaminatedSheets Based on Thermosetting Resins for ElectricalPurpose, Methods of Tests42.3 International Organization for Standardiza
22、tion (ISO)Standard:ISO 13943 Fire Safety: Vocabulary53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsRigid electrical insulating materials aredefined in these test methods in accordance with TerminologyD883. The terminology applied to materials in these testmethods shall be in accordance with the terms appearing inTer
23、minologies D883 and D1711. Use Terminology E176 andISO 13943 for definitions of terms used in this test method andassociated with fire issues. Where differences exist in defini-tions, those contained in Terminology E176 shall be used.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 In referr
24、ing to the cutting, application, and loading ofthe specimens, the following terms apply:3.2.1.1 crosswise (CW), adjin the direction of the sheet at90 to the lengthwise direction. This is normally the weakestdirection in flexure. For some materials, including the rawmaterials used for manufacture of
25、materials considered herein,this direction may be designated as the cross-machine directionor the weft direction.3.2.1.2 edgewise loading, nmechanical force applied inthe plane of the original sheet or plate.3.2.1.3 flatwise loading, nmechanical force applied nor-mal to the surfaces of the original
26、sheet or plate.3.2.1.4 lengthwise (LW), adjin the direction of the sheetwhich is strongest in flexure. For some materials, including theraw materials used for the manufacture of materials consideredherein, this direction may be designated as the machinedirection or the warp direction.3.2.2 In referr
27、ing to bonding strength, the following termapplies:3.2.2.1 bonding strength, nthe force required to split aprescribed specimen under the test conditions specified herein.4. Conditioning4.1 The properties of the materials described in these testmethods are affected by the temperature and moisture exp
28、osureof the materials to a greater or lesser extent, depending on theparticular material and the specific property. Control of tem-perature and humidity exposure is undertaken to: (1) obtainsatisfactory test precision, or (2) study the behavior of thematerial as influenced by specific temperature an
29、d humidityconditions.4.2 Unless otherwise specified in these test methods or by aspecific ASTM material specification, or unless material be-havior at a specific exposure is desired, condition test speci-mens in accordance with Procedure A of Practice D6054 andtest in the Standard Laboratory Atmosph
30、ere (23 6 1.1 C, 506 2 % relative humidity).THICKNESS5. Apparatus and Procedure5.1 Measure thickness in accordance with Test MethodsD374.5.2 On test specimens, the use of a machinists micrometeras specified in Method B is satisfactory for the determination ofthickness for all of the test methods tha
31、t follow. Where it isconvenient, use the deadweight dial micrometer, Method C.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.
32、5Available from International Organization for Standardization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland or from American National Standards Institute(ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D229 09b25.3 On large sheets, use Method B. Choose a micrometerwith a yok
33、e of sufficient size and rigidity to permit accuratemeasurements in the center of the sheet.6. Precision and Bias6.1 Results of comparative tests in several factories, mea-suring 36-in. (914-mm) square sheets by a variety of suchdevices, indicate that the trade is able to measure sheets132 and18 in.
34、 (1 and 3 mm) in thickness to accuracy of 0.0015 in.(0.0381 mm). (In the tests, s, of 0.0005 in. (0.0127 mm) wasobtained.)6.2 This test method has no bias because the value forbreaking strength is determined solely in terms of this testmethod itself.TENSILE PROPERTIES7. Test Specimens7.1 Machine the
35、 test specimens from sample material toconform to the dimensions of sheet and plate materials in Fig.1.7.2 Prepare four LW and four CW specimens.8. Rate of Loading8.1 The materials covered by these test methods generallyexhibit high elastic modulus. Use any crosshead speed pro-vided that the load an
36、d strain indicators are capable of accuratemeasurement at the speed used, except use 0.05 in./min (1mm/min) in matters of dispute.9. Procedure9.1 Measure the tensile strength and elastic modulus inaccordance with Test Method D638 except as modified in thefollowing paragraphs.9.2 Measure the width an
37、d thickness of the specimen to thenearest 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) at several points along the lengthof the flat section, which is indicated as Dimension F in Fig. 1.Record the minimum values of cross-sectional area so deter-mined.9.3 Place the specimen in the grips of the testing machine,taking care to
38、 align the long axis of the specimen and the gripswith an imaginary line joining the points of attachment of thegrips to the machine.Allow 0.25 in. (6.3 mm) between the endsof the gripping surfaces and the shoulders of the fillet of the flattest specimen; thus, it is important that the ends of the g
39、rippingsurfaces be the indicated distance apart, as shown in Fig. 1,atthe start of the test. Tighten the grips evenly and firmly to thedegree necessary to prevent slippage of the specimen duringthe test, but not to the point where the specimen would becrushed.9.4 Tensile StrengthSet the rate of load
40、ing. Load thespecimen at the indicated rate until the specimen ruptures.Record the maximum load (usually the load at rupture).9.5 Elastic ModulusWhen elastic modulus is desired, usea load-extension recorder with appropriate extension transmit-ter and proceed as in 9.3. Attach the extension transmitt
41、er, andproceed as in 9.4.DimensionNominal Thickness, TTolerance14 in. (6 mm) or UnderOver14 in. (6 mm) to12 in.(13 mm), inclOver12 in. (13 mm) to 1in. (25 mm), inclAType I Type IIBType I Type IIBType Imm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in.CWidth over-all 19.05 0.750 19.05 0.750 28.57 1.125 28.57
42、1.125 38.10 1.500 60.40 + 0.0160.00 0.000WWidth of flat section 12.70 0.500 6.35 0.250 19.05 0.750 9.52 0.375 25.40 1.000 + 0.12 + 0.005FLength of flat section 57.1 2.25 57.1 2.250 57.1 2.25 57.1 2.25 57.1 2.25 60.40 60.016GGauge lengthC50.8 2.00 50.8 2.00 50.8 2.00 50.8 2.00 50.8 2.00 60.40 60.016D
43、Distance between grips 114 412 133 514 114 412 133 514 133 514 63 618LLength over-all 216 812 238 938 248 934 257 1018 305 12 min minRad.Radius of fillet 76 3 76 3 76 3 76 3 76 3 min minAFor sheets of a nominal thickness over 1 in. (25.4 mm) machine the specimens to 1 in. (25.4 mm) 6 0.010 in. (0.25
44、 mm) in thickness. For thickness between 1 in.(25.4 mm) and 2 in. (51 mm), machine approximately equal amounts from each surface. For thicker sheets, machine both surfaces and note the location of the specimenwith reference to the original thickness.BUse the type II specimen for material from which
45、theType I specimen does not give satisfactory failures in the gauge length, such as for resin-impregnated compressedlaminated wood.CTest marks only.FIG. 1 Tension Test Specimen for Sheet and Plate Insulating MaterialsD229 09b310. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Complete identifica
46、tion of the material tested,10.1.2 Type of test specimen (I or II),10.1.3 Conditioning if other than specified,10.1.4 Speed of testing,10.1.5 Calculated tensile strength, average, maximum, andminimum in lb/in.2(MPa), for LW and CW specimens, respec-tively,10.1.6 Calculated elastic modulus when appli
47、cable, aver-age, maximum, and minimum in lb/in.2(MPa), for LW and CWspecimens, respectively, and10.1.7 Any other tensile property calculated from the mea-surements obtained.11. Precision and Bias11.1 This test method has been in use for many years, but nostatement for precision has been made and no
48、activity isplanned to develop such a statement.11.2 This test method has no bias because the value forbreaking strength is determined solely in terms of this testmethod itself. See Test Method D638 for a discussion ofprecision and bias for tensile testing of plastics.FLEXURAL PROPERTIES12. Test Spec
49、imens12.1 Test four LW and four CW specimens machined fromsample material in accordance with Test Methods D790.NOTE 3Conventional flexure tests in a flatwise direction are notrecommended for materials thinner than132 in. (1 mm) nor in theedgewise direction for materials thinner than14 in. (6 mm).13. Rate of Loading13.1 The materials covered by these test methods generallyrupture during flexural testing at small deflections. Therefore,ProcedureA(strain rate of 0.01/min) is specified whenever it isdesired to obtain the modulus of elasti
