1、Designation: D 244 09American Association StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T59Standard Test Methods and Practices forEmulsified Asphalts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 244; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigi
2、nal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Def
3、ense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods and practices, given under theheadings titled Composition, Consistency, Stability, and Ex-amination of Residue, cover the examination of asphalt emul-sions composed principally of a semisolid or liquid asphalticbase, water, and an emulsifying agent. The test metho
4、ds coverthe following tests and practices:Test SectionsComposition:Water Content 4-10Residue and Oil Distillate by Distillation See Test MethodD 6997Residue by Evaporation See Test MethodD 6934Particle Charge of Cationic Emulsified Asphalts See Test MethodD 7402Consistency:Viscosity (Saybolt Furol)
5、See Test MethodD 7496Stability:Demulsibility See Test MethodD 6936Settlement See Test MethodD 6930Cement Mixing See Test MethodD 6935Sieve Test See Test MethodD 6933Aggregate Coating See PracticeD 6998Miscibility with Water See Test MethodD 6999Freezing See PracticeD 6929Coating Ability and Water Re
6、sistance 11-18Storage Stability of Asphalt Emulsion See Test MethodD 6930Examination of Residue 19-26Identification Test for Rapid Setting Cationic Emulsified Asphalt 27-34Identification of Cationic Slow Set Emulsions See Test MethodD 7402Field Coating Test on Emulsified Asphalts 35-40Emulsified Asp
7、halt/Job Aggregate Coating Test 41-46Density of Emulsified Asphalt See Test MethodD 6937Residue by Low-Temperature Vacuum Distillation See Test MethodD 74031.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard d
8、oes not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM St
9、andards:2C 778 Specification for Standard SandD5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous MaterialsD70 Test Method for Density of Semi-Solid BituminousMaterials (Pycnometer Method)D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD113 Test Method for Ductility of Bitumino
10、us MaterialsD 139 Test Method for Float Test for Bituminous MaterialsD 140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous MaterialsD 977 Specification for Emulsified AsphaltD 2042 Test Method for Solubility of Asphalt Materials inTrichloroethyleneD 2397 Specification for Cationic Emulsified AsphaltD 3289 Test Met
11、hod for Density of Semi-Solid and SolidBituminous Materials (Nickel Crucible Method)D 6929 Practice for Freezing of Emulsified AsphaltsD 6930 Test Method for Settlement and Storage Stability ofEmulsified AsphaltsD 6933 Test Method for Oversized Particles in EmulsifiedAsphalts (Sieve Test)D 6934 Test
12、 Method for Residue by Evaporation of Emul-sified AsphaltD 6935 Test Method for Determining Cement Mixing ofEmulsified AsphaltD 6936 Test Method for Determining Demulsibility ofEmulsified AsphaltD 6937 Test Method for Determining Density of EmulsifiedAsphalt1These test methods and practices are unde
13、r the jurisdiction of ASTM Commit-tee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D04.42 on Emulsified Asphalt Test.Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approvedin 1926. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 244 04.2For re
14、ferenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, W
15、est Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 6997 Test Method for Distillation of Emulsified AsphaltD 6998 Practice for Evaluating Aggregate Coating usingEmulsified AsphaltsD 6999 Practice for Miscibility of Emulsified AsphaltsD 7402 Practice for Identifying Cationic Emulsified As-phaltsD 7403 T
16、est Method for Determination of Residue of Emul-sified Asphalt by Low Temperature Vacuum DistillationD 7496 Test Method for Viscosity of Emulsified Asphalt bySaybolt Furol ViscometerE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth andTest Sieves
17、E 145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens3. Sample Conditioning for Testing3.1 All emulsions with viscosity requirements of 50Cshould be heated to 50 6 3C in the original sample containerin a 71C water bath or oven. The container should be ventedto relieve pressure.Afte
18、r the sample reaches 50 6 3C, stir thesample to achieve homogeneity.COMPOSITIONWATER CONTENT4. Scope4.1 This test method covers the procedure for determiningthe water content of an emulsified asphalt by reflux distillationusing a water trap.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method measures the am
19、ount of water presentin the emulsified asphalt, as distinguished from either bitumenor petroleum solvent.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Metal StillThe metal still (Fig. 1(a) shall be a verticalcylindrical vessel, preferably of copper, having a faced flangeat the top to which the head is tightly attac
20、hed by means of aclamp. The head shall be made of metal, preferably brass orcopper, and shall be provided with a tubulation 25.4 mm (1 in.)in inside diameter.6.2 Glass StillThe glass still (Fig. 1(b) shall be a short-neck, round-bottom flask, made of well-annealed glass, andhaving an approximate cap
21、acity of 500 mL.6.3 Heat SourceThe heat source used with the metal stillshall be a ring gas burner of 100-mm (4-in.) inside diameter oran electric mantle heater. The heat source for the glass stillshall be either an ordinary gas burner or an electric heater.6.4 CondenserThe condenser shall be a wate
22、r-cooledreflux glass-tube type, having a jacket not less than 400 mm inlength, with an inner tube 9.5 to 12.7 mm in outside diameter.A=45to55mm E=25to38mmB = 14 to 16 mm F = 186 to 194 mmC=12to16mm H=18to19mmD = 235 to 255 mmFIG. 1 Apparatus for Determining Water ContentD244092The end of the condens
23、er shall be ground to an angle of 30 65 from the vertical axis of the condenser.6.5 TrapThe trap shall be made of annealed glass con-structed in accordance with Fig. 1(c) and shall be graduated in0.10-mL divisions from 0 to 2 mL, and in 0.20-mL divisionsfrom2to25mL.6.6 SolventXylol or other petroleu
24、m distillate conformingto the following distillation requirements: 98 % distills be-tween 120 and 250C. This distillation shall be conducted inaccordance with Test Method D86.7. Sample7.1 Obtain a representative sample of the material for testusing standard procedures as specified in Practice D 140.
25、NOTE 1The difficulties in obtaining representative samples for thisdetermination are unusually great, so that the importance of samplingcannot be too strongly emphasized.8. Procedure8.1 When the material to be tested contains less than 25 %water, place 100 6 0.1 g of sample in the still. When themat
26、erial contains more than 25 % water, use a 50 6 0.1-gsample. Thoroughly mix the sample to be tested with 200 mLof solvent by swirling, taking proper care to avoid any loss ofmaterial.8.2 Connect the still, trap, and condenser by means oftight-fitting corks as shown in Fig. 1(a) or (b). Adjust the en
27、dof the condenser in the trap to a position which will allow theend to be submerged to a depth of not more than 1 mm belowthe surface of the liquid in the trap after distillation conditionshave been established. When using the metal still, insert aheavy paper gasket, moistened with the solvent, betw
28、een thelid and flange before attaching the clamp.8.3 When the ring burner is used with the metal still, placeit about 76.2 mm above the bottom of the still at the beginningof the distillation, and gradually lower it as the distillationproceeds. Regulate the heat so that the condensate falls fromthe
29、end of the condenser at a rate of from 2 to 5 drops persecond. Continue the distillation at the specified rate until nowater is visible on any part of the apparatus and a constantvolume of water is obtained in the trap. Remove any persistentring of condensed water in the condenser tube by increasing
30、 therate of distillation for a few minutes.9. Calculation and Report9.1 Calculate the water content as follows:Water content, % 5 A/B!3 100 (1)where:A = volume of water in trap, mL, andB = original weight of sample, g.9.2 Report the result as “. water weight percent, ASTMD 244.”10. Precision and Bia
31、s10.1 The following criteria should be used for judging theacceptability of results (95 % probability):10.1.1 Duplicate results by the same operator should not beconsidered suspect unless they differ by more than the follow-ing amount:Water Content, weight % Repeatability, weight %30 to 50 0.810.1.2
32、 The results submitted by each of two laboratoriesshould not be considered suspect unless they differ by morethan the following amount:Water Content, weight % Reproducibility, weight %30 to 50 2.0COATING ABILITY AND WATER RESISTANCE11. Scope11.1 This test method is intended to aid in the identificat
33、ionof asphalt emulsions suitable for mixing with coarse gradedcalcareous aggregates. It can be applied to other aggregates.(See Note 2).12. Significance and Use12.1 This test method covers the determination of the abilityof an asphalt emulsion to (1) coat an aggregate thoroughly, (2)withstand a mixi
34、ng action while remaining as a film on theaggregate, and (3) resist the washing action of water aftercompletion of the mixing.13. Apparatus13.1 Mixing PanAwhite-enameled kitchen saucepan withhandle, of approximately 3-L capacity.13.2 Mixing BladeA putty knife with a 31.8 by 88.9-mmsteel blade with r
35、ounded corners. A 254.0-mm kitchen mixingspoon may be used as an alternative.13.3 SievesStandard 19.0-mm and 4.75-mm sieves con-forming to Specification E11.13.4 Constant-Head Water-Spraying ApparatusAn appa-ratus for applying tap water in a spray under a constant head of774.7 mm (Figs. 2 and 3). Th
36、e water shall issue from theapparatus in a low-velocity spray.13.5 ThermometerAn ASTM Low Softening Point Ther-mometer 15F (or 15C), having a range from 2 to 80C andconforming to the requirements in Specification E1.13.6 Balance, capable of weighing 1000 g to within 60.1 g.13.7 Pipet, of 10-mL capac
37、ity.14. Materials14.1 AggregateStandard reference aggregate3shall be alaboratory-washed and air-dried limestone aggregate graded topass the 19.0-mm sieve and be retained on the 4.75-mm sieve.NOTE 2Aggregates other than limestone may be used providedcalcium carbonate is omitted throughout the test me
38、thod. Laboratorywashing and air-drying of such aggregates shall also be omitted.14.2 Calcium CarbonateChemically pure, precipitatedcalcium carbonate (CaCO3) shall be used as a dust to be mixedwith the standard reference aggregate.3Limestone from the Monon Stone Co. of Monon, IN, has been found suita
39、bleas reference aggregate.D24409314.3 WaterTap water of not over 250 ppm CaCO3hard-ness for spraying over the sample.15. Sample15.1 The sample shall be representative of the asphaltemulsion to be tested.16. Procedure for Tests with Dry Aggregate16.1 Carry out the test at 23.9 6 5.5C.16.2 Weigh 461 g
40、 of the air-dried, graded reference aggre-gate in the mixing pan.16.3 Weigh 4.0 g of CaCO3dust in the mixing pan and mixwith the 461 g of aggregate for approximately 1 min by meansof a mixing blade to obtain a uniform film of dust on theaggregate particles.NOTE 3The total weight of aggregate and dus
41、t shall equal 465 g. If nocalcium carbonate is included, the weight of aggregate alone shall be 465g.16.4 Weigh 35 g of the asphalt emulsion into the aggregatein the pan and mix vigorously with the mixing blade for 5 minusing a tossing action created by a back-and-forth motion in anelliptical path o
42、f the mixing blade or spoon. At the end of themixing period, tilt the pan and permit any excess emulsion noton the aggregate to drain from the pan.16.5 Remove approximately one half of the mixture fromthe pan and place it on absorbent paper and evaluate thecoating.16.6 Immediately spray the mixture
43、remaining in the panwith tap water from the constant-head water spraying apparatusto cover the mixture. The distance from the sprayhead to thesample shall be 305 6 75 mm. Then carefully pour off thewater. Continue spraying and pouring off the water until the1 in = 25.4 mm 8 in. = 230.2 mm2 in. = 50.
44、8 mm 1 ft = 304.8 mm6 in. = 152.4 mm 1 ft 1034 in. = 577.9 mm734 in = 196.9 mm 2 ft 112 in. = 647.7 mm2ft612 in. = 774.7 mmNOTE 1Use galvanized steel sheeting for the tank. All joints and fitting attachments shall be soldered and shall be watertight. All couplings shall bestandard brass garden hose
45、fittings. The 19-mm pipe valve shall be placed as close as possible to the bottom of the tank, allowing space to shut off thevalve. The tank shall be placed on a suitable stand, so that the distance from the bottom of the spray head to the top of the test sample is 0.914 m 625.4 mm.FIG. 2 Constant-H
46、ead Flow TankD244094overflow water runs clear. Carefully drain off the water in thepan. Scoop the mixture from the mixing pan on to absorbentpaper for evaluation of coating retention in the washing test.16.7 Evaluate the mixture immediately by visual estimationas to the total aggregate surface area
47、that is coated with asphalt.16.8 Repeat the evaluation by visual estimation of thecoating of aggregate surface area by asphalt after the mixturehas been surface air-dried in the laboratory at room tempera-ture. A fan may be used for drying if desired.17. Procedure for Tests with Wet Aggregate17.1 Pr
48、oceed in accordance with 16.1-16.3.17.2 Pipet 9.3 mLof water to the aggregate and CaCO3dustmixture into the mixing pan and mix thoroughly to obtainuniform wetting.17.3 Continue in accordance with 16.4-16.8.18. Interpretation of Results18.1 Evaluate and report the following information for testswith
49、both dry and wet aggregate:18.1.1 At the end of the mixing period, record the coating ofthe total aggregate surface area by the asphalt emulsion asgood, fair, or poor, where a rating of “good” means fully coatedby the asphalt emulsion exclusive of pinholes and sharp edgesof the aggregate, a rating of “fair” coating applies to theNOTE 1A Speakman, Model 235S, all brass, fixed shower head has been found acceptable.NOTE 2Existing 101.6-mm diameter shower heads may continue to be used.NOTE 30.05 in. = 1.3 mm6 in. = 152.4 mm734 in. = 196.9 mmFIG. 3
