1、Designation: D244 09 (Reapproved 2017) American Association StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T59Standard Test Methods and Practices forEmulsified Asphalts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D244; the number immediately following the designation indicates
2、 the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the
3、U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods and practices, given under theheadings titled Composition, Consistency, Stability, and Ex-amination of Residue, cover the examination of asphalt emul-sions composed principally of a semisolid or liquid asphalticbase, water, and an emulsifying
4、 agent. The test methods coverthe following tests and practices:Test SectionsComposition:Water Content 410Residue and Oil Distillate by Distillation See Test MethodD6997Residue by Evaporation See Test MethodD6934Particle Charge of Cationic Emulsified Asphalts See PracticeD7402Consistency:Viscosity (
5、Saybolt Furol) See Test MethodD7496Stability:Demulsibility See Test MethodD6936Settlement See Test MethodD6930Cement Mixing See Test MethodD6935Sieve Test See Test MethodD6933Aggregate Coating See PracticeD6998Miscibility with Water See PracticeD6999Freezing See PracticeD6929Coating Ability and Wate
6、r Resistance 1118Storage Stability of Asphalt Emulsion See Test MethodD6930Examination of Residue 1926Identification Test for Rapid Setting Cationic Emulsi-fied Asphalt2734Identification of Cationic Slow Set Emulsions See PracticeD7402Field Coating Test on Emulsified Asphalts 3540Emulsified Asphalt/
7、Job Aggregate Coating Test 4146Density of Emulsified Asphalt See Test MethodD6937Residue by Low-Temperature Vacuum Distillation See Test MethodD74031.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not
8、purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international sta
9、ndard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2.
10、Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C778 Specification for Standard SandD5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous MaterialsD70 Test Method for Density of Semi-Solid BituminousMaterials (Pycnometer Method)D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products andLiquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pre
11、ssureD113 Test Method for Ductility of Bituminous Materials(Withdrawn 2016)3D128 Test Methods for Analysis of Lubricating GreaseD139 Test Method for Float Test for Bituminous MaterialsD140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous MaterialsD977 Specification for Emulsified AsphaltD2042 Test Method for Solubi
12、lity of Asphalt Materials inTrichloroethylene1These test methods and practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commit-tee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D04.42 on Emulsified Asphalt Test.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 20
13、17. Originallyapproved in 1926. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D244 09. DOI:10.1520/D0244-09R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stand
14、ards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance w
15、ith internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D2397 Specification for Cationic Emulsi
16、fied AsphaltD3289 Test Method for Density of Semi-Solid and SolidAsphalt Materials (Nickel Crucible Method)D6929 Practice to Evaluate the Effect of Freezing on Emul-sified AsphaltsD6930 Test Method for Settlement and Storage Stability ofEmulsified AsphaltsD6933 Test Method for Oversized Particles in
17、 EmulsifiedAsphalts (Sieve Test)D6934 Test Method for Residue by Evaporation of Emulsi-fied AsphaltD6935 Test Method for Determining Cement Mixing ofEmulsified AsphaltD6936 Test Method for Determining Demulsibility of Emul-sified AsphaltD6937 Test Method for Determining Density of EmulsifiedAsphaltD
18、6997 Test Method for Distillation of Emulsified AsphaltD6998 Practice for Evaluating Aggregate Coating usingEmulsified AsphaltsD6999 Practice for Miscibility of Emulsified AsphaltsD7402 Practice for Identifying Cationic EmulsifiedAsphaltsD7403 Test Method for Determination of Residue of Emul-sified
19、Asphalt by Low Temperature Vacuum DistillationD7496 Test Method for Viscosity of Emulsified Asphalt bySaybolt Furol ViscometerE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ven
20、tilation Ovens3. Sample Conditioning for Testing3.1 All emulsions with viscosity requirements of 50 Cshould be heated to 50 6 3 C in the original sample containerin a 71 C water bath or oven. The container should be ventedto relieve pressure.After the sample reaches 50 6 3 C, stir thesample to achie
21、ve homogeneity.COMPOSITIONWATER CONTENT4. Scope4.1 This test method covers the procedure for determiningthe water content of an emulsified asphalt by reflux distillationusing a water trap.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method measures the amount of water presentin the emulsified asphalt, as di
22、stinguished from either bitumenor petroleum solvent.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Metal StillThe metal still (Fig. 1(a) shall be a verticalcylindrical vessel, preferably of copper, having a faced flangeat the top to which the head is tightly attached by means of aclamp. The head shall be made of met
23、al, preferably brass orcopper, and shall be provided with a tubulation 25.4 mm (1 in.)in inside diameter.6.2 Glass StillThe glass still (Fig. 1(b) shall be a short-neck, round-bottom flask, made of well-annealed glass, andhaving an approximate capacity of 500 mL.6.3 Heat SourceThe heat source used w
24、ith the metal stillshall be a ring gas burner of 100-mm (4-in.) inside diameter oran electric mantle heater. The heat source for the glass stillshall be either an ordinary gas burner or an electric heater.6.4 CondenserThe condenser shall be a water-cooledreflux glass-tube type, having a jacket not l
25、ess than 400 mm inlength, with an inner tube 9.5 to 12.7 mm in outside diameter.The end of the condenser shall be ground to an angle of 30 65 from the vertical axis of the condenser.6.5 TrapThe trap shall be made of annealed glass con-structed in accordance with Fig. 1(c) and shall be graduated in0.
26、10-mL divisions from 0 to 2 mL, and in 0.20-mL divisionsfrom2to25mL.6.6 SolventXylol or other petroleum distillate conformingto the following distillation requirements: 98 % distills be-tween 120 and 250 C. This distillation shall be conducted inaccordance with Test Method D86.7. Sample7.1 Obtain a
27、representative sample of the material for testusing standard procedures as specified in Practice D140.NOTE 1The difficulties in obtaining representative samples for thisdetermination are unusually great, so that the importance of samplingcannot be too strongly emphasized.8. Procedure8.1 When the mat
28、erial to be tested contains less than 25 %water, place 100 6 0.1 g of sample in the still. When thematerial contains more than 25 % water, use a 50 6 0.1-gsample. Thoroughly mix the sample to be tested with 200 mLof solvent by swirling, taking proper care to avoid any loss ofmaterial.8.2 Connect the
29、 still, trap, and condenser by means oftight-fitting corks as shown in Fig. 1(a) or (b). Adjust the endof the condenser in the trap to a position which will allow theend to be submerged to a depth of not more than 1 mm belowthe surface of the liquid in the trap after distillation conditionshave been
30、 established. When using the metal still, insert aheavy paper gasket, moistened with the solvent, between thelid and flange before attaching the clamp.8.3 When the ring burner is used with the metal still, placeit about 76.2 mm above the bottom of the still at the beginningof the distillation, and g
31、radually lower it as the distillationproceeds. Regulate the heat so that the condensate falls fromthe end of the condenser at a rate of from 2 to 5 drops persecond. Continue the distillation at the specified rate until nowater is visible on any part of the apparatus and a constantvolume of water is
32、obtained in the trap. Remove any persistentD244 09 (2017)2ring of condensed water in the condenser tube by increasing therate of distillation for a few minutes.9. Calculation and Report9.1 Calculate the water content as follows:Water content, % 5 A/B! 3100 (1)where:A = volume of water in trap, mL, a
33、ndB = original weight of sample, g.9.2 Report the result as “. water weight percent, ASTMD244.”10. Precision and Bias10.1 The following criteria should be used for judging theacceptability of results (95 % probability):10.1.1 Duplicate results by the same operator should not beconsidered suspect unl
34、ess they differ by more than the follow-ing amount:Water Content, weight % Repeatability, weight %30 to 50 0.810.1.2 The results submitted by each of two laboratoriesshould not be considered suspect unless they differ by morethan the following amount:Water Content, weight % Reproducibility, weight %
35、30 to 50 2.0COATING ABILITY AND WATER RESISTANCE11. Scope11.1 This test method is intended to aid in the identificationof asphalt emulsions suitable for mixing with coarse-gradedcalcareous aggregates. It can be applied to other aggregates.(See Note 2.)12. Significance and Use12.1 This test method co
36、vers the determination of the abilityof an asphalt emulsion to (1) coat an aggregate thoroughly, (2)withstand a mixing action while remaining as a film on theaggregate, and (3) resist the washing action of water aftercompletion of the mixing.13. Apparatus13.1 Mixing PanAwhite-enameled kitchen saucep
37、an withhandle, of approximately 3-L capacity.13.2 Mixing BladeA putty knife with a 31.8 by 88.9-mmsteel blade with rounded corners. A 254.0-mm kitchen mixingspoon may be used as an alternative.13.3 SievesStandard 19.0-mm and 4.75-mm sieves con-forming to Specification E11.13.4 Constant-Head Water-Sp
38、raying ApparatusAn appa-ratus for applying tap water in a spray under a constant head ofA=45to55mm E=25to38mmB = 14 to 16 mm F = 186 to 194 mmC=12to16mm H=18to19mmD = 235 to 255 mmFIG. 1 Apparatus for Determining Water ContentD244 09 (2017)3774.7 mm (Figs. 2 and 3). The water shall issue from theapp
39、aratus in a low-velocity spray.13.5 ThermometerAn ASTM low softening point ther-mometer 15F (or 15C), having a range from 2 to 80 C andconforming to the requirements in Specification E1.13.6 Balance, capable of weighing 1000 g to within 60.1 g.13.7 Pipet, of 10-mL capacity.14. Materials14.1 Aggregat
40、eStandard reference aggregate4shall be alaboratory-washed and air-dried limestone aggregate graded topass the 19.0-mm sieve and be retained on the 4.75-mm sieve.NOTE 2Aggregates other than limestone may be used, providedcalcium carbonate is omitted throughout the test method. Laboratorywashing and a
41、ir drying of such aggregates shall also be omitted.14.2 Calcium CarbonateChemically pure, precipitatedcalcium carbonate (CaCO3) shall be used as a dust to be mixedwith the standard reference aggregate.14.3 WaterTap water of not over 250 ppm CaCO3hard-ness for spraying over the sample.15. Sample15.1
42、The sample shall be representative of the asphaltemulsion to be tested.16. Procedure for Tests with Dry Aggregate16.1 Carry out the test at 23.9 6 5.5 C.16.2 Weigh 461 g of the air-dried, graded reference aggre-gate in the mixing pan.16.3 Weigh 4.0 g of CaCO3dust in the mixing pan and mixwith the 46
43、1 g of aggregate for approximately 1 min by meansof a mixing blade to obtain a uniform film of dust on theaggregate particles.4Limestone from the Monon Stone Co. of Monon, IN, has been found suitableas reference aggregate.1 in = 25.4 mm 8 in. = 230.2 mm2 in. = 50.8 mm 1 ft = 304.8 mm6 in. = 152.4 mm
44、 1 ft 1034 in. = 577.9 mm734 in = 196.9 mm 2 ft 112 in. = 647.7 mm2ft612 in. = 774.7 mmNOTE 1Use galvanized steel sheeting for the tank. All joints and fitting attachments shall be soldered and shall be watertight. All couplings shall bestandard brass garden hose fittings. The 19-mm pipe valve shall
45、 be placed as close as possible to the bottom of the tank, allowing space to shut off thevalve. The tank shall be placed on a suitable stand, so that the distance from the bottom of the spray head to the top of the test sample is 0.914 m 625.4 mm.FIG. 2 Constant-Head Flow TankD244 09 (2017)4NOTE 3Th
46、e total weight of aggregate and dust shall equal 465 g. If nocalcium carbonate is included, the weight of aggregate alone shall be465 g.16.4 Weigh 35 g of the asphalt emulsion into the aggregatein the pan and mix vigorously with the mixing blade for 5 minusing a tossing action created by a back-and-
47、forth motion in anelliptical path of the mixing blade or spoon. At the end of themixing period, tilt the pan and permit any excess emulsion noton the aggregate to drain from the pan.16.5 Remove approximately one half of the mixture fromthe pan and place it on absorbent paper and evaluate thecoating.
48、16.6 Immediately spray the mixture remaining in the panwith tap water from the constant-head water spraying apparatusto cover the mixture. The distance from the sprayhead to thesample shall be 305 6 75 mm. Then carefully pour off thewater. Continue spraying and pouring off the water until theoverflo
49、w water runs clear. Carefully drain off the water in thepan. Scoop the mixture from the mixing pan on to absorbentpaper for evaluation of coating retention in the washing test.16.7 Evaluate the mixture immediately by visual estimationas to the total aggregate surface area that is coated with asphalt.16.8 Repeat the evaluation by visual estimation of thecoating of aggregate surface area by asphalt after the mixturehas been surface air dried in the laboratory at room tempera-ture. A fan may be used for drying if desired.17. Procedure for Tes
