1、Designation:D2599 (Reapproved 2005) Designation: D25 12Standard Specification forRound Timber Piles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D25; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the physical characterist
3、ics of unused round timber piles to be used either treated or untreated.1.2 This specification is not intended for preused piles unless the piles have the quality specified by this specification and designstresses equal to or greater than those derived from Method D2899.1.3 The values stated in inch
4、-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is
5、 the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based ProductsD2555 Practice for Establishing
6、 Clear Wood Strength ValuesD2899 Practice for Establishing Allowable Stresses for Round Timber Piles3. Species of Wood3.1 Piles shall be of any species of wood for which clear wood strength values are given in Test Methods D2555.4. Classification4.1 Timber piles are commonly used to transfer structu
7、ral loads to sub surface soil bearing strata by way of friction or tip endbearing forces, or both.4.2 Method D2899 provides a basis for specifying the pile size. This standard gives a procedure for estimating the design stressat any location along the pile length. As design stress must always exceed
8、 that imposed under service conditions, the quotient ofthe structural loads divided by the design stress gives an estimate of the minimum section property required at any location.4.3 Under this specification, pile size requirements estimated at a critical location are extrapolated to either the tip
9、 or butt endassuming a linear taper. For this specification, piles are classified by nominal circumference and length.5. Quality Requirement (All Piles)5.1 Piles shall be of sound wood, free of decay, insect attack, marine borer attack, and Limnoria damage, except as hereinallowed in 13.2 and 14.1.5
10、.2 Piles shall be cut above the ground swell and have a taper from butt to tip.5.3 Piles shall have an average rate of growth measured in the outer 50 % of the radius at the pile tip of not less than 6 ringsper inch and shall have an average summerwood content of not less than 33.3 % in the outer 50
11、 % of the tip radius. Exception:Piles with less than 6 rings per inch are acceptable if the average is 50 % or more summerwood present in the outer 50 % of thepile tip radius.5.4 Piles that cannot be adequately inspected for the physical requirements specified in this specification due to adheringba
12、rnacles or other material shall not be permitted.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood and is under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D07.04 on Pole and Pile Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originally approved in 1915. Last
13、 previous edition approved in 1999 as D25991. DOI:10.1520/D0025-99R05.Current edition approved May 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally approved in 1915. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D25 99 (2005). DOI:10.1520/D0025-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.as
14、tm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what
15、 changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the
16、official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Lengths6.1 All piles shall be furnished in lengths specified, except that tolerances shall be allowed as follows:6.1.1 Piles 40 ft (12.2 m) and shorterplus 1 ft (0.3
17、 m), minus 6 in. (152 mm).6.1.2 Piles 41 ft (12.5 m) or longerplus 2 ft (0.6 m), minus 6 in. (152 mm).7. Sizes7.1 Pile sizes are specified according to nominal circumference 3 ft from the butt or at the tip. Tables are provided in AppendixX1.1 to facilitate the selection of pile dimensions.7.2 The o
18、ut-of-round ratio (maximum to minimum diameter) at the butt or the tip shall not exceed 1.2.7.3 All circumference measurements shall be taken under the bark.7.4 Circumference at the butt shall not exceed circumference 3 ft (0.9 m) from the butt by more than 8 in. (203 mm).7.5Circumferences given in
19、Table X1.4 and Table X1.27.5 Circumferences given in Tables X1.2-X1.5 are minimum values. No more than 10 % of piles in any shipment shall havetip circumferences less than the tabulated values. Of those that are below tabulated values, none shall vary from tabulated valuesby more than 2 in. (51 mm).
20、8. Sapwood8.1 Wood piles for preservative treatment shall have sufficient sapwood to meet minimum penetration requirements.9. Cutting and Trimming9.1 Butts and tips of piles shall be sawed square with the axis of the piles and shall not be out of square by more than110 in./in.(100 mm/m) of diameter.
21、9.2 All knots and limbs shall be cut flush with the surface of the pile, except that knots may be hand-trimmed flush with thesurface of the swell surrounding the knot.10. Peeling (Shaving)10.1 Piles are classified according to the extent of bark removal as clean-peeled, rough-peeled, or unpeeled.10.
22、1.1 Clean-peeled piles require the removal of all outer bark. In addition, at least 80 % of the inner bark, well-distributed overthe surface of the pile, shall be removed. Piles for preservative treatment shall have no strip of inner bark larger than 1 by 6 in.(25 by 152 mm).10.1.2 Rough-peeled pile
23、s require the complete removal of all outer bark.10.1.3 Unpeeled piles require no bark removal.11. Straightness11.1 A straight line from the center of the butt to the center of the tip shall lie entirely within the body of the pile.11.2 Piles shall be free from short crooks that deviate more than 21
24、2 in. (64 mm) from straightness in any 5-ft (1.5-m) length(see Fig. 1).12. Twist of Grain12.1 Spiral grain shall not exceed 180 deg of twist when measured over any 20-ft (6.1-m) section of the pile.13. Knots13.1 Sound knots shall be no larger than one sixth the circumference of the pile located wher
25、e the knot occurs. Cluster knotsshall be considered as a single knot, and the entire cluster cannot be greater in size than permitted for a single knot. The sum ofknot diameters in any 1-ft (304-mm) length of pile shall not exceed one third of the circumference at the point where they occur.Knots sh
26、all be measured in accordance with Terminology D9, and at a right angle to the length of the pile.13.2 Piles may have unsound knots not exceeding half the permitted size of a sound knot, provided that the unsoundness extendsto not more than a 112-in. (38-mm) depth, and that the adjacent areas of the
27、 trunk are not affected.14. Holes and Scars14.1 Holes less than12 in. (12.7 mm) in average diameter shall be permitted in the external tangential surface of piles, providedthat the sum of the average diameters of all holes in any square foot of pile surface does not exceed 112 in. (38 mm), and the d
28、epthof any hole does not extend to more than 112 in. (38 mm) and provided that the holes are not caused by decay, marine borer attack,or Limnoria damage.14.2 Internal holes or damage to the cross-section (bearing) surfaces caused by decay, marine borers (shipworms or pholads),or insects are not perm
29、itted.14.3 Piles having sound turpentine scars undamaged by insects shall be permitted.15. Checks, Shakes, and Splits15.1 Acheck shall not extend any deeper than to the pith. There shall not be any two or more checks extending to the pith whichD25122become contiguous at the pith, except as modified
30、by 15.3. A check is defined as a lengthwise separation of the wood across therings of normal growth, extending from the surface toward the pith, but not extending through the piece.15.2 The length of any shake or combination of shakes in the outer one half of the radius of the butt of the pile, when
31、 measuredalong the curve of the annual ring, shall not exceed one third of the circumference of the butt of the pile. A shake is defined asa circumferential separation of the rings of normal growth.15.3 Splits shall not be longer than the butt diameter. A split is defined as a lengthwise separation
32、of the wood across the ringsof normal growth, extending from one surface through the piece to the opposite surface.16. Keywords16.1 piles; round timber piles; timberAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PILE SIZE OPTIONSX1.1 Two pile classification systems have evolved along with Specification D25 s
33、ince its adoption in 1937. The original versionof the standard referenced three pile Classes (A, B and C). These classes targeted different end uses: “A” was designated for usein railway trestles and bridges,“ B” was for use in docks, wharves and highway work and “C” was for use in submergedfoundati
34、ons, cofferdams falsework and temporary structures. The main difference between classesAand B was in the size cap theywould support (minimum of 14 in. for class A and 12 in. for class B). Class C was of lower quality. In 1970 the 3-Class systemtable of sizes was replaced with two tables giving commo
35、n round timber dimensions arranged to facilitate the selection of pilesaccording to a required minimum butt dimension (friction piles) or a required minimum tip dimension (end-bearing piles). In 1991,the two table system was replaced with four tables, reflecting the difference in shape of southern p
36、ine piles and ClassAand B werereferenced in a footnote to the required minimum butt tables.X1.1.1 In 1998, it was voted to place greater emphasis on class A and B pile sizes and add an “eight inch tip, natural taper”classification. The class A and B sizes shown in Table X1.1 are the same as those pr
37、esented in the original 1937 edition ofSpecification D25. The “8 inch tip” class adopted by New York City in the 1960s is a replacement for class C and applies for pilesup to 40 ft in length.X1.2 Tables X1.2-X1.5 provide options for major pile species specified according to either a minimum nominal
38、butt or aminimum nominal tip circumference. When the butt circumference is specified, the tip circumference shall not be less than thatThe three cases shown are typical, and are intended to establish the principle of measuring shorty crooks. There may be other cases not exactly like those illustrate
39、d.NOTE5 ft = 1.5 mFIG. 1 Measurement of Short CrookD25123shown in Tables X1.2 and X1.3. When the top circumference is specified, the butt circumference shall not be less than that shownin Tables X1.4 and X1.5. The differences between Tables X1.2 and X1.3 and Tables X1.4 and X1.5 reflect the differen
40、ce betweensouthern pine and the predominate west coast species. Southern pine generally has a linear taper of roughly 0.2 in./ft from the buttto the tip. The predominant west coast pile species exhibit a smaller taper below 20 ft from the butt, giving them larger tips fora given butt size.TABLE X1.1
41、 Specified Minimum Butt and Tip Sizes for Class Aand Class B PilesLength (ft)Pile Circumference (in.)Diameter (in.) given in bracketsClass A Class BA8in.tip3 ft from buttmintip3 ft from buttmintipmin max min maxDouglas Fir, Southern PineUnder 40 25 2557 28 38 8 840-54, incl. 18 9 122255-74, incl. 44
42、 57 25 63 714 20 8 2075-90, incl. 22 41 1963 7 13 6Over 90 20 19 166 6OakUnder 30 28 38 57 2244 57 9 12 18 79 12 18 730-40, incl. 14 18 41 63 1930-40, incl. 44 57 1913 20 614 18 25 41 63 6Over 40 25 16Over 40 8 13 20 168 55AFor Class B piles a minimum circumference of 34 in. (864 mm) or a diameterof
43、 11 in. (279 mm) at a point 3 ft (1 m) from the butt may be specified for lengthsof 25 ft (7.6 m) and under.D25124TABLE X1.2 Specified Butt Circumferences with Corresponding Minimum Tip Circumferences for Coast Douglas Fir Piles and OtherSpecies, Except Southern Yellow PineA,BApproximate Diameters i
44、n BracketsRequired Minimum 22 25 28 31 35 38 41 44 47 50 57Circumference, in. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 183 ft from ButtsLength (ft) Minimum Tip Circumferences, in.20 16.0 16.0 16.0 18.0 22.0 25.0 28.0 . . . .5.1 5.1 5.1 5.7 7.0 8.0 8.925 16.0 16.0 16.0 17.0 20.5 23.5 26.5 29.5 . . .25 16.0 16.0 16
45、.0 16.5 20.5 23.5 26.5 29.5 . . .5.1 5.1 5.1 5.4 6.5 7.5 8.4 9.45.1 5.1 5.1 5.3 6.5 7.5 8.4 9.430 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 19.0 22.0 25.0 28.0 . . .5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.935 . . . 16.0 18.0 21.0 24.0 27.0 30.0 . .35 . . . 16.0 17.5 20.5 23.5 26.5 29.5 . .5.1 5.7 6.7 7.6 8.6 9.55.1 5.6 6.5 7.5 8.4
46、 9.440 . . . 16.0 17.0 20.0 23.0 26.0 29.0 . .40 . . . 16.0 16.0 19.0 22.0 25.0 28.0 . .5.1 5.4 6.4 7.3 8.3 9.25.1 5.1 5.4 6.4 8.0 8.945 . . . . 16.5 18.5 21.0 24.0 27.0 30.0 .45 . . . . 16.0 17.5 20.5 23.5 26.5 29.5 .5.3 5.9 6.7 7.6 8.6 9.55.1 5.6 6.5 7.5 8.4 9.450 . . . . 16.0 17.0 19.0 22.0 25.0
47、28.0 .50 . . . . 16.0 16.0 19.0 22.0 25.0 28.0 .5.1 5.4 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.95.1 5.1 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.955 . . . . . 16.5 17.5 20.3 23.3 26.3 31.355 . . . . . 16.0 17.5 20.5 23.5 26.5 33.55.3 5.6 6.5 7.4 8.4 10.05.1 5.6 6.5 7.5 8.4 10.760 . . . . . 16.0 16.0 18.6 21.6 24.6 31.660 . . . . . 16.0 16.0 19.0 22.0
48、 25.0 32.05.1 5.1 5.9 6.9 7.8 10.05.1 5.1 6.0 7.0 8.0 10.265 . . . . . 16.0 16.0 17.3 18.9 21.9 28.965 . . . . . 16.0 16.0 17.5 20.5 23.5 30.55.1 5.1 5.5 6.0 7.0 9.25.1 5.1 5.6 6.5 7.5 9.770 . . . . . 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.2 19.2 26.270 . . . . . 16.0 16.0 16.0 19.0 22.0 29.05.1 5.1 5.1 5.2 6.1 8.35.1 5.1 5.1 6.0 7.0 9.275 . . . . . . 16.0 16.0 16.1 17.6 24.075 . . . . . . 16.0 16.0 17.5 20.5 27.55.1 5.1 5.1 5.6 7.65.1 5.1 5.6 6.5 8.880 . . . . . . 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 21.880 . . . . . . 16.0 16.0 16.0
