1、Designation: D 276 00a (Reapproved 2008)Standard Test Methods forIdentification of Fibers in Textiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 276; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONMethods D 276 62 T, Identification of Fibers in
3、 Textiles were discontinued in 1969 because theresponsible subcommittee failed to recommend adoption as standard after several years publication asa tentative. The subcommittee action was based on the members knowledge that the standard did notinclude several fiber types introduced to the textile tr
4、ade after the methods were published, and thatthe techniques required to identify these fibers were lacking in the text, so that the text had becomeout of date. Reinstatement as a standard using the previously assigned designation was requested sincethe listed procedures were reliable and the text w
5、as considered to be the best available, though notall-inclusive. Extensive editorial changes were made in various sections in 1972, and the methodswere reinstated as D 276 72.The methods have been revised completely, emphasizing infrared spectroscopic techniques foridentifying man-made fiber types.
6、Methods for determining several physical properties and solubilitydata useful for confirming infrared spectral identifications have been included. The longitudinal andcross-section photographs of the various fibers have been omitted since they are published elsewhereand the usefulness for identifica
7、tion is limited. Extensive editorial changes have been made throughoutthe text.AATCC Test Method 20 was first published in 1947 and has been revised or reaffirmed on a regularbasis since that time. The most current version is AATCC “Test Method 201999”2.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the ident
8、ification of thefollowing textile fibers used commercially in the United States:Acetate (secondary) NylonAcrylic NytrilAnidex OlefinAramid PolycarbonateAsbestos PolyesterCotton RamieCuprammonium rayon Rayon (viscose)Flax SaranFluorocarbon SilkGlass SpandexHemp TriacetateJute VinalLycocell VinyonModa
9、crylic WoolNovoloid1.2 Man-made fibers are listed in 1.1 under the genericnames approved by the Federal Trade Commission and listed inTerminology D 123, Annex A1 (except for fluorocarbon andpolycarbonate). Many of the generic classes of man-madefibers are produced by several manufacturers and sold u
10、ndervarious trademark names as follows (Note 1):Acetate AceleT, AvisconT, CelaneseT, ChromspunT, EstronTAcrylic AcrilanT, CourtelleT, CreslanT, DralonT, OrlonT, ZefranTAnidex Anim/8TAramid ArenkaT, ConexT, KevlarT, NomexT, TwaronTCuprammonium BembergTFluorocarbon TeflonTGlass FiberglasT, GaranT, Mod
11、iglassT, PPGT, UltrastrandTLyocell TencelTModacrylic DynelT, KanecaronT, Monsanto SEFT, VerelTNovoloid KynolTPolyamide(Nylon) 6 CaprolanT,EnkaT, PerlonT, ZefranT, EnkalonTPolyamide(Nylon) 6, 6 AntronT,BlueCT, CantreceT, Celanese PhillipsT,EnkaTNylonPolyamide1These test methods are under the jurisdic
12、tion of ASTM Committee D13 onTextiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.51 on Conditioningand, Chemical and Thermal Properties.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 1927. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 276 00a.2AATCC Tec
13、hnical Manual, available from the American Association of TextileChemists and Colorists, P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.(Nylon) (other) RilsanT(nylon 11), QianaT, Stan
14、ylEnkaT,(Nylon 4,6)Nytril DarvanTOlefin DurelT, HerculonT, MarvessT, PolycrestTPolyester AvlinT, BeaunitT,BlueCT, DacronT, EncronT, FortrelT,KodelT, QuintessT, SpectranT, TreviraT, VyoronT,ZephranT, DiolenT, VectranTRayon AvrilT, AviscoT, DynacorT, EnkaT, Fiber 700T, FibroT,NupronT, RayflexT, Supren
15、kaT, TyrexT, TyronT, Cord-enkaTSaran EnjayT, SaranTSpandex GlospunT, LycraT, NumaT, UnelTTriacetate ArnelTVinyon AviscoT, ClevylT, RhovylT, ThermovylT, VolpexTNOTE 1The list of trademarks in 1.2 does not include all brandsproduced in the United States or abroad and imported for sale in theUnited Sta
16、tes. The list does not include examples of fibers from two (ormore) generic classes of polymers spun into a single filament. Additionalinformation on fiber types and trademarks is given in References (1, 2, and3).31.3 Most manufacturers offer a variety of fiber types of aspecific generic class. Diff
17、erences in tenacity, linear density,bulkiness, or the presence of inert delustrants normally do notinterfere with analytic tests, but chemical modifications (forsuch purposes as increased dyeability with certain dyestuffs)may affect the infrared spectra and some of the physicalproperties, particular
18、ly the melting point. Many generic classesof fibers are sold with a variety of cross-section shapesdesigned for specific purposes. These differences will beevident upon microscopical examination of the fiber and mayinterfere with the measurements of refractive indices andbirefringence.1.4 Microscopi
19、cal examination is indispensable for positiveidentification of the several types of cellulosic and animalfibers, because the infrared spectra and solubilities will notdistinguish between species. Procedures for microscopic iden-tification are published in AATCC Method 20 and in Refer-ences (4-12).1.
20、5 Analyses by infrared spectroscopy and solubility rela-tionships are the preferred methods for identifying man-madefibers. The analysis scheme based on solubility is very reliable.The infrared technique is a useful adjunct to the solubility testmethod. The other methods, especially microscopical ex
21、ami-nation are generally not suitable for positive identification ofmost man-made fibers and are useful primarily to supportsolubility and infrared spectra identifications.1.6 This includes the following sections:SectionReferenced Documents 2Birefringenceby difference of refractive indices 34, 35Ter
22、minology 3Density 24-27Infrared Spectroscopy, Fiber Identification by 17-23Melting Point 28-33Microscopical Examination, Fiber Identification by 9,10Reference Standards 7Sampling, Selection, Preparation and Number of Specimens 6Scope 1Solubility Relationships, Fiber Identification Using 11-16Summary
23、 of Test Methods 4Significant and Use 51.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory l
24、imitations prior to use. See Note 3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles5D 792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD 941 Test Method for Densi
25、ty and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Liquids by Lipkin Bicapillary PycnometerD 1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density(Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham PycnometerD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesE 131 Terminology Relating to Molecular SpectroscopyE 175
26、Terminology of Microscopy2.2 AATCC Method:Test Method 20 for Identification of Fibers in Textiles23. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 birefringence (double refraction), n a property ofanisotropic materials which manifests itself as a splitting of alight ray into components having different vibration
27、 directionswhich are transmitted at different velocities.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe vibration directions of the compo-nents are the principal axes of the material and the correspond-ing indices of refraction are its principal (maximum or mini-mum) refractive indices. Numerically, birefringence is thediff
28、erence between the maximum and minimum refractiveindices.3.1.2 densitymass per unit volume.3.1.2.1 DiscussionDue to the volume of included air, theapparent density of fibers and yarns will differ from thedensities of the materials of which the fibers and yarns arecomposed. Test results for fiber den
29、sity will also vary depend-ing on the test method used. Density is commonly expressed asgrams per cubic centimetre (g/cm3), but the preferred term inthe International System of units is kilograms per cubic metre(kg/m3). Multiply g/cm3by 1000 to obtain kg/m3and multiplylb/ft3by 16.018 to obtain kg/m3
30、.3.1.3 fiber birefringence, nthe algebraic difference of theindex of refraction of the fiber for plane polarized lightvibrating parallel to the longitudinal axis of the fiber and theindex of refraction for light vibrating perpendicular to the longaxis.3.1.3.1 DiscussionFiber birefringence may be eit
31、her posi-tive or negative, and is not necessarily referred to the principaloptical axes of the material.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis method.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service
32、at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.D 276 00a (2008)23.1.4 fiber density, nmass per unit volume of the s
33、olidmatter of which a fiber is composed, measured under specifiedconditions.3.1.4.1 DiscussionUnless otherwise indicated, fiber den-sity is understood to be measured by immersion (buoyancy)techniques, at 21 6 1C, excluding effects due to included airand swelling or dissolving of the fiber by the imm
34、ersion fluid.3.1.5 refraction, nthe deflection from a straight pathundergone by a light ray in passing obliquely from one medium(as air) into another (as glass) in which its velocity is different.3.1.6 refractive index (index of refraction), nthe ratio ofthe velocity of radiation (as light) in the f
35、irst of two media toits velocity in the second as it passes from one into the other.3.1.6.1 DiscussionWhen refractive index is referred to asa property of a substance, the first medium is understood to bevacuum. The index of refraction is equal to the ratio of the sineof the angle of the incident ra
36、y to the sine of the angle of therefracted ray (angles measured from the normal to the commonboundary). In general the refractive index of a substance varieswith the frequency of the radiation (13).3.2 For definitions of other terms used in these test methodsrefer to Terminology D 123 for textiles,
37、Terminology E 131 forterms relating to infrared spectroscopy, and Terminology E 175for terms relating to microscopy.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The fiber generic type is identified from its solubility invarious reagents, using a solubility decision scheme (Fig. 1).4.2 Alternatively, infrared spectr
38、a of fibers from textilematerials to be identified are obtained using a FTIR (FourierM = meltsS = solubleI = insolubleppt = precipitateRT = room temperatureAAcidify with excess HCl, add lead acetate dropwise.BRinse with water, allow to dry in room air.CSome modarylic fibers cannot be distinguished f
39、rom acrylic fibersin this solubility scheme.FIG. 1 Scheme for Identification of Fibers According to SolubilityD 276 00a (2008)3Transform Infrared) or a double-beam spectrophotometer.Identification of the fiber generic class is made by analysis ofthe fiber spectrum using a decision chart (Fig. 2).4.3
40、 For plant (native cellulose) and animal hair fibersmicroscopical examination of longitudinal and cross-sectionsis used to distinguish species.4.4 Additional physical properties of the fiber, such asdensity, melting point, regain, refractive indices, and birefrin-gence are determined and are useful
41、for confirming theidentification (see Table 1).5. Significance and Use5.1 These test methods are a generally reliable means ofidentifying the generic types of fibers present in a sample oftextile material of unknown composition. The methods aregenerally not useful for distinguishing fibers of the sa
42、megeneric class from different manufacturers or for distinguishingdifferent fiber types of the same generic class from oneproducer.5.2 Many fibers are chemically modified by their producersin various ways so as to alter their properties. It is possible forsuch modifications to interfere seriously wi
43、th the analyses usedin these test methods. Considerable experience and diligence ofthe analyst may be necessary to resolve satisfactorily thesedifficulties.5.3 Dyes, lubricants, and delustrants are not present nor-mally in amounts large enough to interfere with the analyses.5.4 These test methods ar
44、e not recommended for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments because of the qualitativenature of the results and because of the limitations previouslynoted.NOTE 2For statements on precision and bias of the standard quanti-tative test methods for determining physical properties for confirmation of
45、fiber identification refer to the cited test method. The precision and bias ofthe nonstandard quantitative test methods described are strongly influ-enced by the skill of the operator. The limited use of the test methods forqualitative identification cannot justify the effort that would be necessary
46、to determine the precision and bias of the techniques.6. Sampling, Selection, Preparation, and Number ofSpecimens6.1 The quantity of material per specimen and the numberof specimens required differ according to the types of analysesthat are to be conducted. It is possible to make an identificationus
47、ing a sample of less than 10 mg of each type of fiber present.6.2 In order to identify the components of a textile materialreliably, it is essential that an adequate sample of each type offiber present be isolated physically, and vice-versa. It is notpossible, in general, to identify the components
48、of a mixture byanalysis of the mixtures infrared spectrum and, in fact, falseBands located according to wavelength in m.P = present A = absent A/W = absent or weakAlocated at ;5.75Blocated at 6.23, 6.30 and the location (wavelength), relative strength(strong, medium, weak), and character (sharp, mod
49、erate,broad) of any absorption peaks which are not common to thetwo spectra, and22.2.3 Which procedures were used to confirm the tentativeidentification of the specimen, and the numerical valuesobtained in physical property tests.23. Precision and Bias23.1 No information is presented about either the precisionor bias of Test Methods D 276 for infrared identificationtechnique since the test result is nonquantitative.TABLE 2 Suggested Method of Obtaining Film Satisfactory for IRSpectroscopyNOTE 1The listed techniques are known to be reliable. This listing isnot
