1、Designation: D276 12Standard Test Methods forIdentification of Fibers in Textiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D276; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONMethods D276 62 T, Identification of Fibers in Textiles were discont
3、inued in 1969 because theresponsible subcommittee failed to recommend adoption as standard after several years publication asa tentative. The subcommittee action was based on the members knowledge that the standard did notinclude several fiber types introduced to the textile trade after the methods
4、were published, and thatthe techniques required to identify these fibers were lacking in the text, so that the text had becomeout of date. Reinstatement as a standard using the previously assigned designation was requested sincethe listed procedures were reliable and the text was considered to be th
5、e best available, though notall-inclusive. Extensive editorial changes were made in various sections in 1972, and the methodswere reinstated as D276 72.The methods have been revised completely, emphasizing infrared spectroscopic techniques foridentifying man-made fiber types. Methods for determining
6、 several physical properties and solubilitydata useful for confirming infrared spectral identifications have been included. The longitudinal andcross-section photographs of the various fibers have been omitted since they are published elsewhereand the usefulness for identification is limited. Extens
7、ive editorial changes have been made throughoutthe text.AATCC Test Method 20 was first published in 1947 and has been revised or reaffirmed on a regularbasis since that time. The most current version is AATCC “Test Method 202011”2.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the identification of thefollowi
8、ng textile fibers used commercially in the United States:Acetate (secondary) NylonAcrylic NytrilAnidex OlefinAramid PolycarbonateAsbestos PolyesterCotton RamieCuprammonium rayon Rayon (viscose)Flax SaranFluorocarbon SilkGlass SpandexHemp TriacetateJute VinalLycocell VinyonModacrylic WoolNovoloid1.2
9、Man-made fibers are listed in 1.1 under the genericnames approved by the Federal Trade Commission and listed inTerminology D123, Annex A1 (except for fluorocarbon andpolycarbonate). Many of the generic classes of man-madefibers are produced by several manufacturers and sold undervarious trademark na
10、mes as follows (Note 1):Acetate AceleT, AvisconT, CelaneseT, ChromspunT, EstronTAcrylic AcrilanT, CourtelleT, CreslanT, DralonT, OrlonT, ZefranTAnidex Anim/8TAramid KevlarT, NomexT, TechnoraT, TeijinConexT, TwaronTCuprammonium BembergTFluorocarbon TeflonTGlass FiberglasT, GaranT, ModiglassT, PPGT, U
11、ltrastrandTLyocell TencelTModacrylic DynelT, KanecaronT, Monsanto SEFT, VerelTNovoloid KynolTPolyamide(Nylon) 6 CaprolanT,EnkaT, PerlonT, ZefranT, EnkalonTPolyamide1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 onTextiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.51
12、 on Conditioningand, Chemical and Thermal Properties.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2012. Published March 2012. Originallyapproved in 1927. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D276 00a(2008).DOI: 10.1520/D0276-12.2AATCC Technical Manual, available from the American Association of TextileChem
13、ists and Colorists, P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.(Nylon) 6, 6 AntronT,BlueCT, CantreceT, Celanese PhillipsT,EnkaTNylonPolyamide(Nylon) (other) RilsanT(nylon 11), Qia
14、naT, StanylEnkaT,(Nylon 4,6)Nytril DarvanTOlefin DurelT, HerculonT, MarvessT, PolycrestTPolyester AvlinT, BeaunitT,BlueCT, DacronT, EncronT, FortrelT,KodelT, QuintessT, SpectranT, TreviraT, VyoronT, Zeph-ranT, DiolenT, VectranTRayon AvrilT, AviscoT, DynacorT, EnkaT, Fiber 700T, FibroT,NupronT, Rayfl
15、exT, SuprenkaT, TyrexT, TyronT, Cord-enkaTSaran EnjayT, SaranTSpandex GlospunT, LycraT, NumaT, UnelTTriacetate ArnelTVinyon AviscoT, ClevylT, RhovylT, ThermovylT, VolpexTNOTE 1The list of trademarks in 1.2 contains only examples and doesnot include all brands produced in the United States or abroad
16、andimported for sale in the United States. The list does not include examplesof fibers from two (or more) generic classes of polymers spun into a singlefilament. Additional information on fiber types and trademarks is given inRefs (1, 2, and 3).31.3 Most manufacturers offer a variety of fiber types
17、of aspecific generic class. Differences in tenacity, linear density,bulkiness, or the presence of inert delustrants normally do notinterfere with analytic tests, but chemical modifications (forsuch purposes as increased dyeability with certain dyestuffs)may affect the infrared spectra and some of th
18、e physicalproperties, particularly the melting point. Many generic classesof fibers are sold with a variety of cross-section shapesdesigned for specific purposes. These differences will beevident upon microscopical examination of the fiber and mayinterfere with the measurements of refractive indices
19、 andbirefringence.1.4 Microscopical examination is indispensable for positiveidentification of the several types of cellulosic and animalfibers, because the infrared spectra and solubilities will notdistinguish between species. Procedures for microscopic iden-tification are published in AATCC Method
20、 20 and in Refer-ences (4-12).1.5 Analyses by infrared spectroscopy and solubility rela-tionships are the preferred methods for identifying man-madefibers. The analysis scheme based on solubility is very reliable.The infrared technique is a useful adjunct to the solubility testmethod. The other meth
21、ods, especially microscopical exami-nation are generally not suitable for positive identification ofmost man-made fibers and are useful primarily to supportsolubility and infrared spectra identifications.1.6 These test methods include the following sections:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Termin
22、ology 3Summary of Test Methods 4Significance and Use 5Sampling, Selection, Preparation and Number of Specimens 6Reference Standards 7Purity of Reagents 8Fiber Identification byMicroscopic Examination 9,10Solubility Relationships 11-16Infrared Spectroscopy 17-23SectionPhysical Properties to Confirm I
23、dentificationDensity 24-27Melting Point 28-33Birefringence by Difference of 34 and 35Refractive Indices1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and h
24、ealth practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Note 3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of TextilesD792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Den
25、sity) of Plastics by DisplacementD941 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Liquids by Lipkin Bicapillary PycnometerD1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham PycnometerD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textile
26、sE131 Terminology Relating to Molecular SpectroscopyE175 Terminology of Microscopy2.2 AATCC Method:2Test Method 20 Fiber Analysis: QualitativeTest Method 20A Fiber Analysis: Quantitative3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 birefringence (double refraction), n a property ofanisotropic materials which
27、manifests itself as a splitting of alight ray into components having different vibration directionswhich are transmitted at different velocities.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe vibration directions of the compo-nents are the principal axes of the material and the correspond-ing indices of refraction are its p
28、rincipal (maximum or mini-mum) refractive indices. Numerically, birefringence is thedifference between the maximum and minimum refractiveindices.3.1.2 densitymass per unit volume.3.1.2.1 DiscussionDue to the volume of included air, theapparent density of fibers and yarns will differ from thedensitie
29、s of the materials of which the fibers and yarns arecomposed. Test results for fiber density will also vary depend-ing on the test method used. Density is commonly expressed asgrams per cubic centimetre (g/cm3), but the preferred term inthe International System of units is kilograms per cubic metre(
30、kg/m3). Multiply g/cm3by 1000 to obtain kg/m3and multiplylb/ft3by 16.018 to obtain kg/m3.3.1.3 fiber birefringence, nthe algebraic difference of theindex of refraction of the fiber for plane polarized light3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis method.
31、4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D276 122vibrating parallel to the longitudinal axis of the fi
32、ber and theindex of refraction for light vibrating perpendicular to the longaxis.3.1.3.1 DiscussionFiber birefringence may be either posi-tive or negative, and is not necessarily referred to the principaloptical axes of the material.3.1.4 fiber density, nmass per unit volume of the solidmatter of wh
33、ich a fiber is composed, measured under specifiedconditions.3.1.4.1 DiscussionUnless otherwise indicated, fiber den-sity is understood to be measured by immersion (buoyancy)techniques, at 21 6 1C, excluding effects due to included airand swelling or dissolving of the fiber by the immersion fluid.3.1
34、.5 refraction, nthe deflection from a straight pathundergone by a light ray in passing obliquely from one medium(as air) into another (as glass) in which its velocity is different.3.1.6 refractive index (index of refraction), nthe ratio ofthe velocity of radiation (as light) in the first of two medi
35、a toits velocity in the second as it passes from one into the other.3.1.6.1 DiscussionWhen refractive index is referred to asa property of a substance, the first medium is understood to bevacuum. The index of refraction is equal to the ratio of the sineof the angle of the incident ray to the sine of
36、 the angle of therefracted ray (angles measured from the normal to the commonboundary). In general the refractive index of a substance varieswith the frequency of the radiation (13).3.2 For definitions of other terms used in these test methodsrefer to Terminology D123 for textiles, Terminology E131
37、forterms relating to infrared spectroscopy, and Terminology E175for terms relating to microscopy.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The fiber generic type is identified from its solubility invarious reagents, using a solubility decision scheme (Fig. 1).4.2 Alternatively, infrared spectra of fibers from te
38、xtilematerials to be identified are obtained using a FTIR (FourierTransform Infrared) or a double-beam spectrophotometer.Identification of the fiber generic class is made by analysis ofthe fiber spectrum using a decision chart (Fig. 2).4.3 For plant (native cellulose) and animal hair fibersmicroscop
39、ical examination of longitudinal and cross-sectionsis used to distinguish species.4.4 Additional physical properties of the fiber, such asdensity, melting point, regain, refractive indices, and birefrin-gence are determined and are useful for confirming theidentification (see Table 1).5. Significanc
40、e and Use5.1 These test methods are a generally reliable means ofidentifying the generic types of fibers present in a sample oftextile material of unknown composition. The methods aregenerally not useful for distinguishing fibers of the samegeneric class from different manufacturers or for distingui
41、shingdifferent fiber types of the same generic class from oneproducer.5.2 Many fibers are chemically modified by their producersin various ways so as to alter their properties. It is possible forsuch modifications to interfere seriously with the analyses usedin these test methods. Considerable exper
42、ience and diligence ofthe analyst may be necessary to resolve satisfactorily thesedifficulties.5.3 Dyes, lubricants, and delustrants are not present nor-mally in amounts large enough to interfere with the analyses.5.4 These test methods are not recommended for acceptancetesting of commercial shipmen
43、ts because of the qualitativenature of the results and because of the limitations previouslynoted.NOTE 2For statements on precision and bias of the standard quanti-tative test methods for determining physical properties for confirmation offiber identification refer to the cited test method. The prec
44、ision and bias ofthe nonstandard quantitative test methods described are strongly influ-enced by the skill of the operator. The limited use of the test methods forqualitative identification cannot justify the effort that would be necessaryto determine the precision and bias of the techniques.5.5 Qua
45、litative and quantitative fiber identification is ac-tively pursued by Committee RA24 (Fiber Identification) ofAATCC and presented in AATCC Test Method 20 and TestMethod 20A. Since precision and bias development is also partof the AATCC test methods, both AATCC and ASTM D13have agreed that new devel
46、opment will take place in RA24.However, because there is valuable information still present inthe ASTM standards, Test Methods D276 and D629 will bemaintained as active standards by ASTM.6. Sampling, Selection, Preparation, and Number ofSpecimens6.1 The quantity of material per specimen and the numb
47、erof specimens required differ according to the types of analysesthat are to be conducted. It is possible to make an identificationusing a sample of less than 10 mg of each type of fiber present.6.2 In order to identify the components of a textile materialreliably, it is essential that an adequate s
48、ample of each type offiber present be isolated physically, and vice-versa. It is notpossible, in general, to identify the components of a mixture byanalysis of the mixtures infrared spectrum and, in fact, falseconclusions may be drawn if such a procedure is attempted.Comparison of the spectra of unk
49、nown materials to a proper setof reference spectra of various fiber types (see 7.1) can beuseful for avoiding these problems.6.3 An essential first step in isolation and identification offibers is visual examination and physical separation of allvisually different types of fibers in the material. In order toaccomplish this, it is necessary to consider the following:6.3.1 Asingle yarn may be composed of more than one typeof fiber (a blend of polyester and cotton staples, for instance).In such cases it may be impractical to separate the fibersmechanically. A selec
