1、Designation: D299/D299M 04 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Specification forAsbestos Yarns1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D299/D299M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers asbestos yarns having a mini
3、-mum of 75 % asbestos fiber by mass, excluding the mass ofother inorganic reinforcing strands which may be present.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsyste
4、m shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated healthrisks for users and for those with whom they come into contact.
5、In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For informa-tion on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Useof Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and ControlMeasures.”21.4 The following safety hazards caveat perta
6、ins only to thetest methods, Section 13, described in this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the ap
7、plicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use. See 1.3 for a specific safety hazardstatement.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International
8、 Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD861 Practice for Use of theTex System
9、to Designate LinearDensity of Fibers, Yarn Intermediates, and YarnsD1118 Test Method for Magnetic Rating of Asbestos Fiberand Asbestos TextilesD1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-CountingD1918 Test Method for Asbestos Content of Asbestos Tex-tilesD2100 Specification for Asbestos Textiles
10、Used for Electri-cal Insulating PurposesD2260 Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent YarnNumbers Measured in Various Numbering SystemsD2946 Terminology for Asbestos and AsbestosCementProducts3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of other textile terms used in thisspecification, refer to Terminology
11、 D123. For asbestos terms,refer to Terminology D2946.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 asbestos, n1. generala group of impure silicateminerals occurring in fibrous form. 2. textilethe hydrousmagnesium silicate serpentine mineral designated aschrysotile, and having the empirical formula Mg3Si2O5(OH)4.3.2.2 asbes
12、tos yarn construction number, na system ofnumbers designed to show the construction, namely, the cut ofthe single yarn, the number of plies, and whether reinforce-ments are present.3.2.2.1 DiscussionYarns up to 9-cut, inclusive, have3-digit construction numbers; the first digit indicates the cut,the
13、 second digit the number of plies, and the third digit, thenumber of reinforcements. Yarns of 10-cut and over have4-digit construction numbers; the first 2 digits indicate the cut,the third digit, the number of plies, and the fourth digit, the1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com
14、mittee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC17.03 on Asbestos - Cement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published July 2017. Originally approvedin 1928. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D299/D299M 04(200
15、9)1.DOI: 10.1520/D0299_D0299M-04R172Available from The Asbestos Institute, http:/ referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page ont
16、he ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDeve
17、lopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1number of reinforcements.Yarns containing reinforcement are designated by the yarnconstruction number followed by the description of thereinforcing stran
18、ds.Examples:No. 1010 yarn 10-cut, single, no reinforcementNo. 1420 yarn 14-cut, 2-ply, no reinforcementNo. 931 yarn 9-cut, 3-ply, 1 reinforcement (as specified)When wire is the reinforcement the cut indicates the yardsper pound of asbestos yarn only (mass of the wire not in-cluded). When the reinfor
19、cement is other than wire, the cutindicates the yards per pound of the complete assembly.3.2.3 atmosphere for testing asbestos textiles, nair main-tained at a relative humidity of 50 6 2 % at 21 6 1C.3.2.4 cut (asbestos), nthe number of 100-yd lengths/lb453.6 g of asbestos yarn.3.2.4.1 DiscussionThe
20、 term “cut” represents a length-per-unit-mass unit, and is derived by cutting (dividing) 7000 grains(453.6 g) by the mass of 100 yd in grains or the mass of 91.44m in grams of a single yarn. The number of such unitsexpresses the number of the cut, and when multiplied by 100,indicates the nominal yar
21、ds per pound metres/kilogram.Example 1If 5 30-m skeins of single roving, or 150 m,weigh 45.2 g, then 201.6 m weigh 60.7 g.Cut = 1 kg/60.7 g= 16.47, or 16.47-cut, which is 16-cut on the light side; and16 201.6 = 3226 m/kg, nominal.Example 2If 5 30-yd skeins of single yard, or 150 yd,weigh 637.5 grain
22、s, then 100 yd weigh 425 grains:Cut = 7000425= 16.47, or 16.47-cut, which is 16-cut on the light side; and16 100 = 1600 yd/lb, nominal.The term “cut” as applied to asbestos may be defineddifferently in countries other than the USA.3.2.5 ply, n:3.2.5.1 The number of single yarns twisted together to f
23、orma plied yarn; also the number of plied yarns twisted together toform a cord.3.2.5.2 The individual yarn in a plied yarn or in a cord.3.2.5.3 One of several layers of fabric.3.2.6 twist, direction of, nthe direction of twist in yarnsand other textile strands is indicated by the capital letters “S”
24、and “Z” (see Fig. 1).3.2.6.1 DiscussionYarn has “S” twist if, when the yarn isheld in a vertical position, the visible spirals or helices aroundits central axis conform in direction of slope to the centralportion of the letter “S”; and “Z” twist if the visible spirals orhelices conform in direction
25、of slope to the central portion ofthe letter “Z.”When two or more yarns, either single or plied, are twistedtogether, the letters “S” and “Z” are used in a similar mannerto indicate the direction of the last twist inserted.The letters“ S” and “Z” are also used to indicate thedirection of winding or
26、wrapping of a yarn around a wire orany other core.4. Classification4.1 Classes of asbestos yarn are based on their structuralcomponent as follows:4.1.1 Class AYarn consisting of asbestos fiber or asbestosand other fiber(s).4.1.2 Class BAsbestos yarn containing wire reinforce-ment(s).4.1.3 Class CAsb
27、estos yarn containing organic reinforc-ing strand(s).4.1.4 Class DAsbestos yarn containing nonmetallic inor-ganic reinforcing strand(s).4.1.5 Class EAsbestos yarn containing a combination ofthe reinforcing strands used in Classes B through D.4.2 GradeThe grades of asbestos yarn are based on theperce
28、ntage of asbestos content by mass as stated in Table 1.5. Ordering Information5.1 Asbestos yarn is normally purchased on the basis ofyarn construction number, class, grade, amount and directionof twist, and breaking strength. Finished yarn package size is asagreed upon between the buyer and the sell
29、er.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 RovingAsbestos yarn shall be uniformly spun from aspecified grade and cut of roving with or without reinforce-ment(s).6.2 Reinforcement(s)The reinforcement(s) may be in-serted during the carding process, spinning process, twistingprocess, or combination of these.6.
30、3 Wire ReinforcementsThe wire reinforcement may bebrass, copper, zinc, nickel, nichrome, inconel, and monel orother metal or alloy as specified in the order.6.4 Organic ReinforcementsThe organic reinforcement(s)may be cotton, nylon, rayon, or other spun or filament yarn(s)as specified in the order.F
31、IG. 1 Direction of TwistTABLE 1 Grades of Asbestos YarnGrade Asbestos Content, mass %Commercial 75 up to but not including 80Underwriters 80 up to but not including 85A 85 up to but not including 90AA 90 up to but not including 95AAA 95 up to but not including 99AAAA 99 to 100 inclusiveD299/D299M 04
32、 (2017)26.5 Nonmetallic Inorganic ReinforcementsThe inorganicreinforcement(s) may be glass, or other ceramic or vitreousspun or filament yarn(s) as specified in the order.7. Chemical Composition7.1 Asbestos ContentThe asbestos content of the gradespecified shall conform with requirements in Table 1.
33、7.2 Magnetite ContentYarns to be used for electricalinsulating purposes shall conform to the electromagnetic re-quirements in Specification D2100.7.3 ReinforcementsChemical properties of the reinforce-ments shall meet the specifications for such materials as agreedupon the purchaser and the seller.8
34、. Physical Properties8.1 Electromagnetic Properties Yarn to be used for elec-trical insulating purposes shall conform with SpecificationD2100.8.2 ReinforcementsThe physical properties of the rein-forcements shall meet the specifications for such materials asagreed upon by the purchaser and the selle
35、r.9. Mechanical Properties9.1 Tensile (Breaking) StrengthThe tensile (breaking)strength (breaking load) of asbestos yarn shall be as agreedupon by the purchaser and seller.10. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations10.1 The properties of asbestos yarn shall conform to theapplicable material spe
36、cification, subject to the followingtolerances:10.1.1 Yarn Number (Cut)The linear density in metres perkilogram yards per pound of single asbestos yarns shallconform to the limits prescribed in Table 2.10.1.2 TwistThe direction and amount of twist shall be asagreed upon by the purchaser and the sell
37、er.11. Sampling11.1 Take five sample tubes at random from each lot of 400to 500 kg 800 to 1000 lb, or fraction thereof, preferably frommore than two containers (cases) of yarn.12. Specimen Preparation12.1 Condition all sample in the standard atmosphere fortesting asbestos textiles (see section 3.6)
38、for a minimum of 4 h,or until a specimen of the sample shows no progressive changein mass of more than 0.1 % after an exposure of 0.5 h.13. Test Methods13.1 Yarn Number (Cut):13.1.1 ScopeThis test method covers the determination ofthe cut of plain or reinforced, single or plied, asbestos yarn.13.1.2
39、 Significance and UseThe cut number of a yarnsignifies how fine the yarn is and its length per unit mass. Thisis used to select yarns that are appropriate for the production ofasbestos textile products conforming to given specifications.13.1.3 HazardsWarningsee 1.3.13.1.4 Procedure:13.1.4.1 Determin
40、e the linear density in metres per kilogramyards per pound of plain or nonmetallic reinforced asbestosyarn, single or plied, as directed in 13.1.4.2, 13.1.4.4, and13.1.4.6. Calculate the yarn number (cut) by dividing themetres per kilogram by 201.6 yards per pound by 100.13.1.4.2 Single Asbestos Yar
41、nDetermine the metres perkilogram yards per pound of conditioned plain or nonmetallicreinforced single asbestos yarn by reeling a 30 6 0.5-m 30-yd6 20-in. skein from each of five tubes taken at random fromeach lot of 400 to 500 kg 800 to 1000 lb. Determine the massof each skein to the nearest 0.5 g.
42、 Calculate the metres perkilogram yards per pound of each specimen using Eq 1:TABLE 2 RequirementsAfor Specific Linear Mass of Standard Single AsbestosCut NumberNominal Specific Length Specific Permissible Range of Variation of Length per Unit Massm/kg yd/lb per pound, yd/lb per kgB, m/kg per 30-yd
43、skein, yd/lb per 10-m skeinB, m/kg5-cut 1008 500 460 to 540 830 to 1190 525 to 575 890 to 11206-cut 1210 600 552 to 648 995 to 1420 510 to 690 1140 to 12807-cut 1411 700 644 to 756 1160 to 1660 595 to 805 1330 to 14908-cut 1613 800 736 to 864 1330 to 1900 680 to 920 1530 to 17009-cut 1814 900 828 to
44、 972 1490 to 2130 765 to 1035 1720 to 191010-cut 2016 1000 920 to 1080 1660 to 2370 850 to 1150 1910 to 213012-cut 2419 1200 1104 to 1296 1990 to 2850 1020 to 1380 2290 to 255014-cut 2822 1400 1288 to 1512 2320 to 3320 1190 to 1610 2670 to 297016-cut 3225 1600 1472 to 1728 2600 to 3780 1360 to 1840
45、3050 to 340018-cut 3629 1800 1656 to 1944 2990 to 4270 1530 to 2070 3430 to 388020-cut 4032 2000 1840 to 2160 3320 to 4740 1700 to 2300 3810 to 425022-cut 4435 2200 2024 to 2376 3650 to 5220 1870 to 2530 4190 to 468024-cut 4838 2400 2208 to 2592 3990 to 5690 2040 to 2760 4570 to 510026-cut 5241 2600
46、 2392 to 2808 4320 to 6170 2210 to 2990 4950 to 553028-cut 5645 2800 2576 to 3024 4650 to 6640 2380 to 3220 5340 to 595030-cut 6048 3000 2760 to 3240 4980 to 7120 2550 to 3450 5720 to 638035-cut 7056 3500 3220 to 3780 5810 to 8300 2975 to 4025 5570 to 744040-cut 8064 4000 3680 to 4320 6640 to 9490 3
47、400 to 4600 7620 to 851045-cut 9072 4500 4140 to 4860 7470 to 10700 3825 to 5175 8580 to 957050-cut 10080 5000 4600 to 5400 8300 to 11900 4250 to 5750 9530 to 10600AThese requirements apply to untreated single asbestos yarns. The m/kg yd/lb of treated yarn, such as sized yarn, shall be subject to an
48、 additional tolerance of 2 %.BThese tex numbers are determined by dividing 496 050 by the yd/lb. A tex unit is equal to the mass in grams of 1 km of yarn. See Tables D2260 and Practice D861.D299/D299M 04 (2017)3Y 5 30 3E/0.95 3W or (1)Y 5 7000 330 3E!/W 30.95! (2)where:Y = metres per kilogram yards
49、per pound of single yarn,E = number of ends of asbestos yarn,W = mass in kilograms pounds of a 30-m 30-yd skein,and0.95 = factor to compensate for an average contraction of5 % incurred in twisting.13.1.4.3 Calculate the average metres per kilogram yardsper pound of the five specimens.13.1.4.4 Single Asbestos Yarn in a Plied YarnDeterminethe metres per kilogram yards per pound of the conditionedplain or nonmetallic reinforced single yarn in a plied yarn byr
