1、Designation: D323 15aStandard Test Method forVapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D323; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers procedures for the deter
3、mina-tion of vapor pressure (see Note 1) of gasoline, volatile crudeoil, and other volatile petroleum products.1.2 Procedure A is applicable to gasoline and other petro-leum products with a vapor pressure of less than 180 kPa(26 psi).1.3 Procedure B may also be applicable to these othermaterials, bu
4、t only gasoline was included in the interlaboratorytest program to determine the precision of this test method.1.4 Procedure C is for materials with a vapor pressure ofgreater than 180 kPa (26 psi).1.5 Procedure D for aviation gasoline with a vapor pressureof approximately 50 kPa (7 psi).NOTE 1Becau
5、se the external atmospheric pressure is counteracted bythe atmospheric pressure initially present in the vapor chamber, the Reidvapor pressure is an absolute pressure at 37.8 C (100 F) in kilopascals(pounds-force per square inch). The Reid vapor pressure differs from thetrue vapor pressure of the sa
6、mple due to some small sample vaporizationand the presence of water vapor and air in the confined space.1.6 This test method is not applicable to liquefied petroleumgases or fuels containing oxygenated compounds other thanmethyl t-butyl ether (MTBE). For determination of the vaporpressure of liquefi
7、ed petroleum gases, refer to Test MethodD1267 or Test Method D6897. For determination of the vaporpressure of gasoline-oxygenate blends, refer to Test MethodD4953. The precision for crude oil has not been determinedsince the early 1950s (see Note 3). Test Method D6377 hasbeen approved as a method fo
8、r determination of vapor pressureof crude oil. IP 481 is a test method for determination of theair-saturated vapor pressure of crude oil.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.8 This standard does not purport to
9、address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warningstatements are given in Sections 7 a
10、nd 18, and 12.5.3, 15.5,21.2, A1.1.2, A1.1.6, and A2.3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1267 Test Method for Gage Vapor Pressure of LiquefiedPetroleum (LP) Gases (LP-Gas Method)D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Pe
11、troleumProducts, and LubricantsD4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline andGasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D6377 Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure ofCrude Oil: VPCRx(Expansion Method)D6897 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Liquefied Petro-leum Gases (LPG) (Expansion Metho
12、d)E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids2.2 Energy Institute Standards:IP 481 Test Method for Determination of the Air SaturatedVapour Pressure (ASVP) of Crude Oil33. Terminology3.1 Definition
13、s:3.1.1 Bourdon spring gauge, npressure measuring devicethat employs a Bourdon tube connected to an indicator.3.1.2 Bourdon tube, nflattened metal tube bent to a curvethat straightens under internal pressure.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liqu
14、id Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.08 on Volatility.Current edition approved June 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originallyapproved in 1930. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D323 15. DOI:10.1520/D0323-15A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the AST
15、M website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.
16、*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.3 oxygenate, noxygen-containing ashless organiccompound, such as an alcohol or ether, which may be used asa fuel or f
17、uel supplement. D41753.1.4 Reid vapor pressure (RVP), nresultant total pressurereading, corrected for measuring error, of a specific empiricaltest method (Test Method D323) for measuring the vaporpressure of gasoline and other volatile products.3.1.5 vapor pressure, npressure exerted by the vapor of
18、 aliquid when in equilibrium with the liquid. D41753.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 ASVP, nair saturated vapor pressure.3.2.2 LPG, nliquefied petroleum gases.3.2.3 MTBE, nmethyl t-butyl ether.3.2.4 RVP, nReid Vapor Pressure.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The liquid chamber of the vapor pressure apparatus isfil
19、led with the chilled sample and connected to the vaporchamber that has been heated to 37.8 C (100 F) in a bath. Theassembled apparatus is immersed in a bath at 37.8 C (100 F)until a constant pressure is observed. The reading, suitablycorrected, is reported as the Reid vapor pressure.4.2 All four pro
20、cedures utilize liquid and vapor chambers ofthe same internal volume. Procedure B utilizes a semiauto-matic apparatus immersed in a horizontal bath and rotatedwhile attaining equilibrium. Either a Bourdon gauge or pres-sure transducer may be used with this procedure. Procedure Cutilizes a liquid cha
21、mber with two valved openings. ProcedureD requires more stringent limits on the ratio of the liquid andvapor chambers.5. Significance and Use5.1 Vapor pressure is an important physical property ofvolatile liquids. This test method is used to determine the vaporpressure at 37.8 C (100 F) of petroleum
22、 products and crudeoils with initial boiling point above 0 C (32 F).5.2 Vapor pressure is critically important for both automo-tive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting, warm-up, andtendency to vapor lock with high operating temperatures orhigh altitudes. Maximum vapor pressure limits for gaso
23、line arelegally mandated in some areas as a measure of air pollutioncontrol.5.3 Vapor pressure of crude oils is of importance to thecrude producer and the refiner for general handling and initialrefinery treatment.5.4 Vapor pressure is also used as an indirect measure of theevaporation rate of volat
24、ile petroleum solvents.6. Apparatus6.1 The required apparatus for Procedures A, C, and D isdescribed in AnnexA1.Apparatus for Procedure B is describedin Annex A2.7. Hazards7.1 Gross errors can be obtained in vapor pressure measure-ments if the prescribed procedure is not followed carefully. Thefollo
25、wing list emphasizes the importance of strict adherence tothe precautions given in the procedure:7.1.1 Checking the Pressure GaugeCheck all gaugesagainst a pressure measuring device (see A1.6) after each testto ensure higher precision of results (see 12.4). Read the gaugewhile in a vertical position
26、 and after tapping it lightly.7.1.2 Checking for LeaksCheck all apparatus before andduring each test for both liquid and vapor leaks (see Note 5).7.1.3 SamplingBecause initial sampling and the handlingof samples will greatly affect the final results, employ theutmost precaution and the most meticulo
27、us care to avoid lossesthrough evaporation and even slight changes in composition(see Section 8 and 12.1). In no case shall any part of the Reidapparatus itself be used as the sample container prior toactually conducting the test.7.1.4 Purging the ApparatusThoroughly purge the pres-sure gauge, the l
28、iquid chamber, and the vapor chamber to besure that they are free of residual sample. This is mostconveniently done at the end of the test in preparation for thenext test (see 12.5 and 15.5).7.1.5 Coupling the ApparatusCarefully observe the re-quirements of 12.2.7.1.6 Shaking the ApparatusShake the
29、apparatus vigor-ously as directed to ensure equilibrium.8. Sampling8.1 The extreme sensitivity of vapor pressure measurementsto losses through evaporation and the resulting changes incomposition is such as to require the utmost precaution and themost meticulous care in the handling of samples. The p
30、rovi-sions of this section shall apply to all samples for vaporpressure determinations, except as specifically excluded forsamples having vapor pressures above 180 kPa (26 psi); seeSection 19.8.2 Sampling shall be done in accordance with PracticeD4057.8.3 Sample Container SizeThe size of the sample
31、con-tainer from which the vapor pressure sample is taken shall be1 L (1 qt). It shall be 70 % to 80 % filled with sample.8.3.1 The present precision statement has been derivedusing samples in 1 L (1 qt) containers. However, samples takenin containers of other sizes as prescribed in Practice D4057 ca
32、nbe used if it is recognized that the precision could be affected.In the case of referee testing, the 1 L (1 qt) sample containershall be mandatory.8.4 The Reid vapor pressure determination shall be per-formed on the first test specimen withdrawn from the samplecontainer. The remaining sample in the
33、 container cannot beused for a second vapor pressure determination. If necessary,obtain a new sample.8.4.1 Protect samples from excessive heat prior to testing.8.4.2 Do not test samples in leaky containers. They shouldbe discarded and new samples obtained.8.5 Sampling Handling TemperatureIn all case
34、s, cool thesample container and contents to 0 C to 1 C (32 F to 34 F)before the container is opened. Sufficient time to reach thistemperature shall be ensured by direct measurement of theD323 15a2temperature of a similar liquid in a like container placed in thecooling bath at the same time as the sa
35、mple.9. Report9.1 Report the result observed in 12.4 or 15.4, after correct-ing for any difference between the gauge and the pressuremeasuring device (see A1.6), to the nearest 0.25 kPa (0.05 psi)as the Reid vapor pressure.10. Precison and Bias10.1 The following criteria are to be used for judging t
36、heacceptability of results (95 % confidence):10.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successivetest results obtained by the same operator with the sameapparatus under constant operating conditions on identical testmaterial would, in the long run, in the normal and correctoperation of the test met
37、hod, exceed the following value onlyin one case in twenty.Range RepeatabilityProcedure kPa psi kPa psiA Gasoline 35100 515 3.2 0.46 Note 2B Gasoline 35100 515 1.2 0.17 Note 2A 035 05 0.7 0.10 Note 3A 110180 1626 2.1 0.3 Note 3C 180 26 2.8 0.4 Note 3D AviationGasoline 50 7 0.7 0.1 Note 310.1.2 Reprod
38、ucibilityThe difference between two, singleand independent results, obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, inthe long run, in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed the following value only in one case in twenty.Range
39、ReproducibilityProcedure kPa psi kPa psiA Gasoline 35100 515 5.2 0.75 Note 2B Gasoline 35100 515 4.5 0.66 Note 2A 035 05 2.4 0.35 Note 3A 110180 1626 2.8 0.4 Note 3C 180 26 4.9 0.7 Note 3D AviationGasoline 50 7 1.0 0.15 Note 3NOTE 2These precision values are derived from a 1987 cooperativeprogram4an
40、d the current Committee D02 Statistical Method RR:D02-1007.NOTE 3These precision values were developed in the early 1950s,prior to the current statistical evaluation method.10.2 Bias:10.2.1 Absolute BiasSince there is no accepted referencematerial suitable for determining the bias for this test meth
41、od,bias cannot be determined. The amount of bias between thistest vapor pressure and true vapor pressure is unknown.10.2.2 Relative BiasThere is no statistically significantbias between Procedures A and B for gasolines as determinedin the last cooperative test program.PROCEDURE AFOR PETROLEUM PRODUC
42、TS HAVING REIDVAPOR PRESSURES BELOW 180 kPa (26 psi)11. Preparation for Test11.1 Verification of Sample Container FillingWith thesample at a temperature of 0 C to 1C, take the container fromthe cooling bath or refrigerator and wipe dry with absorbentmaterial. If the container is not transparent, uns
43、eal it, and usinga suitable gauge, confirm that the sample volume equals 70 %to 80 % of the container capacity (see Note 4). If the sample iscontained in a transparent glass container, verify that thecontainer is 70 % to 80 % full by suitable means (see Note 4).NOTE 4For nontransparent containers, o
44、ne way to confirm that thesample volume equals 70 % to 80 % of the container capacity is to use adipstick that has been pre-marked to indicate the 70 % and 80 % containercapacities. The dipstick should be of such material that it shows wettingafter being immersed and withdrawn from the sample. To co
45、nfirm thesample volume, insert the dipstick into the sample container so that ittouches the bottom of the container at a perpendicular angle, beforeremoving the dipstick. For transparent containers, using a marked ruler orby comparing the sample container to a like container that has the 70 %and 80
46、% levels clearly marked, has been found suitable.11.1.1 Discard the sample if its volume is less than 70 % ofthe container capacity.11.1.2 If the container is more than 80 % full, pour outenough sample to bring the container contents within the 70 %to 80 % range. Under no circumstances shall any sam
47、plepoured out be returned to the container.11.1.3 Reseal the container, if necessary, and return thesample container to the cooling bath.11.2 Air Saturation of Sample in Sample Container:11.2.1 Nontransparent ContainersWith the sample againat a temperature between 0 C and 1 C, take the containerfrom
48、 the cooling bath, wipe it dry with an absorbent material,remove the cap momentarily taking care that no water enters,reseal, and shake vigorously. Return it to the cooling bath fora minimum of 2 min.11.2.2 Transparent ContainersSince 11.1 does not requirethat the sample container be opened to verif
49、y the samplecapacity, it is necessary to unseal the cap momentarily beforeresealing it so that samples in transparent containers are treatedthe same as samples in nontransparent containers. After per-forming this task, proceed with 11.2.1.11.2.3 Repeat 11.2.1 twice more. Return the sample to thebath until the beginning of the procedure.11.3 Preparation of Liquid ChamberCompletely immersethe open liquid chamber in an upright position and the sampletransfer connection (see Fig. A1.2) in a bath at a temperaturebetween 0
