1、Designation: D 332 87 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forRelative Tinting Strength of White Pigments by VisualObservation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 332; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method des
3、cribes the procedure for determin-ing the relative tinting strength of white pigments by visualassessment of blue tints.1.2 This test method is applicable only for comparing thetest pigment with a reference standard of the same type andgrade.NOTE 1Test Method D 2745 describes a procedure for instrum
4、entalevaluation of black tinted samples.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of th
5、e user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 262 Specification for Ultramarine Blue PigmentD 2745 Test Method for Relative Tinting Strength of WhitePi
6、gments by Reflectance Measurements3. Summary of Test Method3.1 Specified amounts of white pigment and blue tintingpigment are dispersed together in oil using a glass hand mulleror an automatic muller. Both the test and standard pigments aretreated identically. The pastes are drawn-down together on a
7、panel and visually assessed for tinting strength. To obtain anumerical rating of tinting strength, dispersions with thestandard white pigment and more or less of the tinting pigmentare made until the lightness of the test pigment paste ismatched. The weight of the tinting pigment is used to calculat
8、erelative tinting strength.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is used as a referee method and forquality control. The vehicle (oil) for preparing the dispersionsand the tinting pigment (ultramarine blue) are specified butother vehicles and tinting pigments can be used. Any suchchanges in th
9、e test method must be agreed upon between thepurchaser and the seller.4.2 The results obtained with a muller do not necessarilyagree with an industrial situation where different dispersingconditions exist. However, dispersing with a muller is a fastand relatively inexpensive way of testing tinting s
10、trength forroutine quality control.5. Apparatus5.1 Balance, laboratory-type, sensitive to 0.1 mg, equippedwith a counter-balanced watch glass.5.2 Buret, 1-mL capacity, stopcock controlled, graduated in0.1-mL divisions, or other suitable dispensing apparatus with adelivery accurate to 0.05 mL.5.3 Gla
11、ss Hand MullerA weighted glass hand muller withbeveled edge having a total weight of 6.8 kg (15 lb) and agrinding face of from 70 to 75 mm (234 to 3 in.) in diameter.The face shall be free of blowholes and other imperfections andkept roughened by lightly grinding with No. 303 optical emery,or its eq
12、uivalent, and turpentine.5.4 Rubbing SurfaceA ground glass plate, at least 355 by510 mm (14 by 20 in.), the surface of which is kept roughenedby lightly grinding with No. 303 optical emery, or its equiva-lent, and turpentine.5.5 Automatic Muller, automatic,3equipped with a weightthat exerts a perman
13、ent 50-lbf (220-N) force and an additionalweight exerting a 50-lbf making a total of 100-lbf (445-N). The1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.26 on Optical Prope
14、rties.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originallyapproved in 1931. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 332 87 (1997)e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of A
15、STMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The sole source of supply of the muller known to the committee at this time isHoover Color Corp., P. O. Box 218, Hiwassee, VA 24347. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this informa
16、tion to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.two glass plates shall
17、be kept sharp by removing from themachine and grinding them face-to-face with No. 303 opticalemery or equivalent, and water.5.6 SpatulaA flexible spatula having a chromium-platedor plastic blade 75 to 150 mm (3 to 6 in.) long.5.7 Panels of bright tin, glass, or white-lacquered card-board.5.8 Scraper
18、A French scraper or stiff scraping knife hav-ing a blade that is about 75 to 100 mm (3 or 4 in.) wide witha straight edge.6. Materials6.1 Tinting MaterialUltramarine blue conforming toSpecification D 262 or a grade agreed upon by the purchaserand the seller.6.2 OilRefined linseed oil with an acid nu
19、mber of ap-proximately 4.6.3 Reference StandardA standard white pigment of thesame type and grade as the pigment to be tested, as agreedupon between the purchaser and the seller.7. Procedure AGlass Hand Muller7.1 Weigh2gofthestandard white pigment and the amountof ultramarine blue listed in Table 1
20、to 62 mg. Transfer theweighed portions of white and blue pigments to the ground-glass plate. Add the amount of oil specified in Table 1 from theburet (Note). Be sure to allow the buret to drain to its true levelbecause variations in the amount of oil decrease the precisionof the test. Work the pigme
21、nts and oil into a paste with thespatula; then rub up the paste with the glass hand muller,spreading it over an area 75 to 100 mm (3 to 4 in.) wide andfrom 305 to 380 mm (12 to 15 in.) long. In counting the rubs,one stroke up and one stroke back is considered one rub. Allowthe muller to travel up on
22、e side and back the other side,twisting it slightly at the top and bottom of each stroke. Aftereach 25 rubs with the muller, “pick up” the paste with thespatula by scraping the face of the muller and gathering thepaste on the slab into a mound. Repeat until the paste has beengiven 100 rubs.NOTE 2Whe
23、re the resulting paste is too fluid or too thick for mulling,adjust the quantity of oil to give a workable paste and prepare a new paste,mulling as before. Report the amount of oil used.7.2 Work2gofthetest pigment in exactly the same manneras prescribed in 7.1 for the standard, using the same amount
24、 oftinting material and oil.7.3 Spread the paste of the standard and test pigments inparallel contiguous rectangular areas on the panel, each about25 mm (1 in.) wide and 50 mm (2 in.) long. Use the scraper tosmooth the surface of the pastes (here called “draw-downs”) bydrawing the scraper lightly ov
25、er the pastes to give a straightand even line of contact between them. Keep the drawn-downssufficiently thick to obscure the panel.7.4 Immediately examine the draw-downs of the two pastes,on the top side only, for relative lightness of tint. If the sampleis lighter than the reference standard it has
26、 greater tintingstrength. If the sample differs appreciably from the referencestandard in lightness of tint, and if a numerical rating is desired,prepare other pastes of the reference standard white pigmentusing different amounts of the tinting material. Make a draw-down of the sample paste with eac
27、h standard as described in7.3. Select the draw-down in which the standard pigment pastemost closely matches the test pigment paste in lightness. Usethe weight of tinting material in this method to calculate thetinting strength of the test pigment.8. Procedure BAutomatic Muller8.1 In order to minimiz
28、e the effect of the difference ingrinding of the area near the center of the plates as comparedto the area near the periphery of the plates, draw two concentriccircles under the base plate of the muller in such a way thatthey show clearly through the plate. These circles can be drawneither on a pape
29、r inserted under the plate, or drawn directly onthe bottom of the plate. The inner circle should be 63 mm (212in.) in diameter and the outer circle 115.3 mm (412 in.) indiameter.8.2 Carefully weigh the pigment as described in 7.1, trans-ferring the pigment to the base plate of the muller. Add the oi
30、land work the pigment and oil into a paste with the spatula.Distribute the paste within the area between the two concentriccircles on the plate, close the muller, and add a 23-kg (50-lb)weight (to make a total weight of 45 kg (100 lb) pressing theplates together. Carry out three mulling stages of 50
31、 revolu-tions each, collecting the paste from both plates with thespatula after each stage, spreading it around the path on thelower plate and wiping the spatula on the upper plate as before.8.3 Continue the treatment of the paste of the test andstandard pigments as described in 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4.9.
32、 Calculation9.1 Calculate the tinting strength of the sample as follows:TS 5 B/A! 3 Twhere:TS = tinting strength of the test pigment, lbf (or N),A = weight of tinting material used with standard to giveequality of tint, g,B = weight of tinting material used with test sample, g,andT = arbitrary tinti
33、ng strength value given to the standard.10. Precision and Bias10.1 The precision and bias are to be determined.11. Keywords11.1 tinting strength; visual; white pigments; white pigmentstrengthTABLE 1 Quantities of Materials for Tinting Strength TestsPigment TypeWeight ofPigment,gWeight ofUltramarineB
34、lue TintingPigment, gAmount ofOil, mLWhite Lead 2 0.2 0.5Zinc oxide 2 0.2 0.7Zinc oxide, leaded 2 0.2 0.5Titanium dioxide(anatase) 2 0.4 1.0(rutile) 2 0.4 0.9D 332 87 (2004)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mention
35、edin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and
36、 must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of
37、 theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
38、C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 332 87 (2004)3
