1、Designation: D341 09Standard Practice forViscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid PetroleumProducts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D341; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers kinematic viscosity-temperatu
3、recharts (see Figs. 1 and 2), which are a convenient means toascertain the kinematic viscosity of a petroleum oil or liquidhydrocarbon at any temperature within a limited range, pro-vided that the kinematic viscosities at two temperatures areknown.1.2 The charts are designed to permit petroleum oil
4、kine-matic viscosity-temperature data to plot as a straight line. Thecharts here presented provide a significant improvement inlinearity over the charts previously available under MethodD34143. This increases the reliability of extrapolation tohigher temperatures.1.3 The values provided in SI units
5、are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation only.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:3Viscosity-Temperature Charts
6、173. Technical Hazard3.1 WarningThe charts should be used only in that rangein which the hydrocarbon or petroleum fluids are homogeneousliquids. The suggested range is thus between the cloud point atlow temperatures and the initial boiling point at higher tem-peratures. The charts provide improved l
7、inearity in both lowkinematic viscosity and at temperatures up to 340C (approxi-mately 650F) or higher. Some high-boiling point materials canshow a small deviation from a straight line as low as 280C(approximately 550F), depending on the individual sample oraccuracy of the data. Reliable data can be
8、 usefully plotted inthe high temperature region even if it does exhibit somecurvature. Extrapolations into such regions from lower tem-peratures will lack accuracy, however. Experimental data takenbelow the cloud point or temperature of crystal growth willgenerally not be of reliable repeatability f
9、or interpolation orextrapolation on the charts. It should also be emphasized thatfluids other than hydrocarbons will usually not plot as a straightline on these charts.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility
10、 of Subcommittee D02.07on Flow Properties.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in 1932. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D34103. DOI:10.1520/D0341-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer S
11、ervice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD0341CS. Original adjunct produced in 1965.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at th
12、e end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.FIG. 1 Facsimile of Kinematic Viscosity-Temperature Chart I High Range (Temperature in degrees Celsius)D341092FIG. 2 Facsimile of Kinematic Viscosity-Temperature C
13、hart II Low Range (Temperature in degrees Celsius)D3410934. Description4.1 The charts are designed to permit kinematic viscosity-temperature data for a petroleum oil or fraction, and hydrocar-bons in general, to plot as a straight line over a wide range.Seven charts are available as follows:3Chart I
14、Kinematic Viscosity, High Range:Kinematic Viscosity: 0.3 to 20 000 000 cStTemperature: 70 to +370CSize: 680 by 820 mm (26.75 by 32.25 in.)Pad of 50ADJD034101Chart IIKinematic Viscosity, Low Range:Kinematic Viscosity: 0.18 to 6.5 cStTemperature: 70 to +370CSize: 520 by 820 mm (20.5 by 32.25 in.)Pad o
15、f 50ADJD034102Chart IIIKinematic Viscosity, High Range:Kinematic Viscosity: 0.3 to 20 000 000 cStTemperature: 70 to +370CSize: 217 by 280 mm (8.5 by 11.0 in.)Pad of 50ADJD034103Chart IVKinematic Viscosity, Low Range:Kinematic Viscosity: 0.18 to 6.5 cStTemperature: 70 to +370CSize: 217 by 280 mm (8.5
16、 to 11.0 in.)Pad of 50ADJD034104Chart VKinematic Viscosity, High Range:Kinematic Viscosity: 0.3 to 20 000 000 cStTemperature: 100 to +700FSize: 680 by 820 mm (26.75 by 32.25 in.)Pad of 50ADJD034105Chart VIKinematic Viscosity, Low Range:Kinematic Viscosity: 0.18 to 3.0 cStTemperature: 100 to +700FSiz
17、e: 520 by 820 mm (20.5 by 32.25 in.)Pad of 50ADJD034106Chart VIIKinematic Viscosity, Middle Range:Kinematic Viscosity: 3 to 200 000 cStTemperature: 40 to +150CSize: 217 by 280 mm (8.5 by 11.0 in.)Pad of 50ADJD0341074.2 Charts I, II, V, and VI are preferred when convenienceand accuracy of plotting ar
18、e desired. Chart VII is the middlerange section of Chart I at somewhat reduced scale. It isprovided for convenience in connection with reports and dataevaluation. Charts III and IVare the same as Charts I and II andare provided in greatly reduced scale for convenience inconnection with reports or qu
19、ick evaluation of data. Theselatter charts are not recommended for use where the mostaccurate interpolations or extrapolations are desired.5. Procedure5.1 Plot two known kinematic viscosity-temperature pointson the chart. Draw a sharply defined straight line through them.A point on this line, within
20、 the range defined in Section 3,shows the kinematic viscosity at the corresponding desiredtemperature and vice versa.45.2 Alternatively, the interpolated and extrapolated kine-matic viscosities and temperatures may be calculated asdescribed in Annex A1, within the range identified for thecharts in S
21、ection 3.6. Extrapolation6.1 Kinematic viscosity-temperature points on the extrapo-lated portion of the line, but still within the range defined inSection 3, are satisfactory provided the kinematic viscosity-temperature line is located quite accurately. For purposes ofextrapolation, it is especially
22、 important that the two knownkinematic viscosity-temperature points be far apart. If thesetwo points are not sufficiently far apart, experimental errors inthe kinematic viscosity determinations and in drawing the linemay seriously affect the accuracy of extrapolated points,particularly if the differ
23、ence between an extrapolated tempera-ture and the nearest temperature of determination is greaterthan the difference between the two temperatures of determi-nation. In extreme cases, an additional determination at a thirdtemperature is advisable.7. Keywords7.1 charts; kinematic viscosity; MacCoull;
24、viscosity;viscosity-temperature chartsANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONSA1.1 The complete design equation for the chart as given inAppendix X1.1 is not useful for inter-calculations of kinematicviscosity and temperature over the full chart kinematic viscos-ity range. More conveni
25、ent equations5that agree closely withthe chart scale are given below. These are necessary whencalculations involve kinematic viscosities smaller than2.0 mm2/s (cSt).log log Z 5 A 2 B log T (A1.1)Z 5n10.7 1 exp 21.47 2 1.84n20.51n2! (A1.2)n5Z 2 0.7 2 exp 20.7487 2 3.295 Z 2 0.71 0.6119 Z 2 0.722 0.31
26、93 Z 2 0.73! (A1.3)4If the kinematic viscosities are not known, they should be determined inaccordance with Test Method D445.5Manning, R. E., “Computational Aids for Kinematic Viscosity Conversionsfrom 100 and 210F to 40 and 100C,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, JTEVA,Vol 2, No. 6, 1974, pp. 522
27、8.D341 094where:log = logarithm to base 10,n = kinematic viscosity, mm2/s (or cSt),T = temperature, K (or t + 273.15, where t is C),andA and B = constants.A1.2 Inserting EqA1.2 into EqA1.1 will permit solving forthe constants A and B for a fluid in which some of theexperimental kinematic viscosity d
28、ata fall below 2.0 mm2/s(cSt). This form can also be used to calculate the temperatureassociated with a desired kinematic viscosity.A1.3 Conversely, the kinematic viscosity associated with astated temperature can be found from the equation determinedas inA1.2 by solving for Z in the substituted EqA1
29、.1, and thensubsequently deriving the kinematic viscosity from the value ofZ by the use of Eq A1.3.APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. HISTORY OF THE ASTM VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE CHARTSX1.1 The forerunner of these charts was published by NeilMacCoull.6His continuation of the study of these chartsres
30、ulted in publication in 19277of the chart based onlog log cSt 1 0.7! 5 A 2 B log T (X1.1)An ASTM committee undertook study of this chart at thattime, resulting in the first ASTM chart publication in 1932using a constant of 0.8 in the equation. The constant wasallowed to vary in charts published afte
31、r 1937.X1.2 In 1928, Walther8published the log-log Eq X1.1without the constant, and in 1931, the log-log equation with aconstant of 0.8.X1.3 The present MacCoull-Wright charts are based largelyon the work of MacCoull, Wright, and ASTM SubcommitteeD02.07.X1.4 The current charts were derived9with comp
32、uterassistance to provide linearity over a greater range on the basisof the most reliable of modern data. The general relationship is:log log Z 5 A 2 B log T (X1.2)where:Z =(v + 0.7 + C D + E F + G H),log = logarithm to base 10,v = kinematic viscosity, mm2/s (or cSt),T = temperature, K (or t + 273.1
33、5, where t is C),A and B = constants,C = exp (1.14883 2.65868v),D = exp (0.0038138 12.5645v),E = exp (5.46491 37.6289v),F = exp (13.0458 74.6851v),G = exp (37.4619 192.643v), andH = exp (80.4945 400.468v).X1.4.1 Terms C through H are exponentials on the naturalbase e since this simplifies computer p
34、rogramming. Eq X1.1uses logarithms to the base 10 for general convenience whenused in short form.X1.4.2 The limits of applicability are listed below:Z =(v +0.7) 23 107to 2.00 cStZ =(v + 0.7 + C)23 107to 1.65 cStZ =(v + 0.7 + C D 3 107to 0.90 cStZ =(v + 0.7 + C D + E) 2 3 107to 0.30 cStZ =(v + 0.7 +
35、C D + E F + G)23 107to 0.24 cStZ =(v + 0.7 + C D + E F + G H)23 107to 0.21 cStX1.5 It is obvious that Eq X1.1 in the simplified form: loglog (v + 0.7) = AB log T will permit kinematic viscositycalculations for a given fluid in the majority of instancesrequired. The constants A and B can be evaluated
36、 for a fluidfrom two data points. Kinematic viscosities or temperatures forother points can then be readily calculated.X1.6 Older literature refers to a value called the ASTMSlope. It should be noted that this value is not the value of Bgiven in Eq X1.2. TheASTM Slope was originally obtained byphysi
37、cally measuring the slope of the kinematic viscosity-temperature data plotted on the older charts given in TestMethod D341 43. The kinematic viscosity and temperaturescales were not made to the same ratios in Test MethodD341 43. The improved charts given here utilize evendifferent scale ratios for d
38、imensional convenience and a differ-ent constant (0.7) from the older charts; consequently, theoriginal ASTM Slope is not numerically equivalent to B in EqX1.1 from any of the new charts, nor directly convertible fromEq X1.1.6MacCoull, N., Lubrication, The Texas Company, New York, June 1921, p. 65.7
39、1927 International Critical Tables, p. 147.8Walther, C., “ The Variation of Viscosity with TemperatureI, II, III,” Erdol undTeer, Vol 5, 1928, p. 510, 526, 614.9Wright, W.A., “An Improved Viscosity-Temperature Chart for Hydrocarbons,”Journal of Materials, Vol 4, No. 1, 1969, pp. 1927.D341 095SUMMARY
40、 OF CHANGESSubcommittee D02.07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D34103) that may impact the use of this standard.(1) Changed standard from test method to practice. (2) Made Figs. 1 and 2 full page format.ASTM International takes no position respec
41、ting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This sta
42、ndard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Internati
43、onal Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below
44、.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D341 096
