1、Designation: D341 09 (Reapproved 2015)D341 17Standard Practice forViscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid PetroleumProducts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D341; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This practice
3、covers kinematic viscosity-temperature charts (see Figs. 1 and 2), which are a convenient means to ascertainthe kinematic viscosity of a petroleum oil or liquid hydrocarbon at any temperature within a limited range, provided that thekinematic viscosities at two temperatures are known.1.2 The charts
4、are designed to permit petroleum oil kinematic viscosity-temperature data to plot as a straight line. The chartshere presented provide a significant improvement in linearity over the charts previously available under Method D34143. Thisincreases the reliability of extrapolation to higher temperature
5、s.1.3 The values provided in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for informationonly.1.3.1 ExceptionThe values given in parentheses are provided for information only.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally rec
6、ognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D445 Test Method for
7、Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of KinematicViscosity)2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:3Viscosity-Temperature Charts 173. Technical Hazard3.1 Warni
8、ngWarningTheThe charts should be used only in that range in which the hydrocarbon or petroleum fluids arehomogeneous liquids. The suggested range is thus between the cloud point at low temperatures and the initial boiling point athigher temperatures. The charts provide improved linearity in both low
9、 kinematic viscosity and at temperatures up to 340 C(approximately 650 F) or higher. Some high-boiling point materials can show a small deviation from a straight line as low as280 C (approximately 550 F), depending on the individual sample or accuracy of the data. Reliable data can be usefully plott
10、edin the high temperature region even if it does exhibit some curvature. Extrapolations into such regions from lower temperatureswill lack accuracy, however. Experimental data taken below the cloud point or temperature of crystal growth will generally notbe of reliable repeatability for interpolatio
11、n or extrapolation on the charts. It should also be emphasized that fluids other thanhydrocarbons will usually not plot as a straight line on these charts.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and are the direct responsibi
12、lity of SubcommitteeD02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved June 1, 2015July 1, 2017. Published June 2015July 2017. Originally approved in 1932. Last previous edition approved in 20092015 asD341 09.D341 09 (2015). DOI: 10.1520/D0341-09R15.10.1520/D0341-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, v
13、isit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD0341CS. Original adjun
14、ct produced in 1965.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that use
15、rs consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consho
16、hocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1FIG. 1 Facsimile of Kinematic Viscosity-Temperature Chart I High Range (Temperature in degrees Celsius)D341172FIG. 2 Facsimile of Kinematic Viscosity-Temperature Chart II Low Range (Temperature in degrees Celsius)D3411734. Description4.1 The charts are designed t
17、o permit kinematic viscosity-temperature data for a petroleum oil or fraction, and hydrocarbonsin general, to plot as a straight line over a wide range. Seven charts are available as follows:3Chart IKinematic Viscosity, High Range:Kinematic Viscosity: 0.3 cSt to 20 000 000 cStTemperature: 70 C to +3
18、70 CSize: 680 mm by 820 mm (26.75 in. by 32.25 in.)Pad of 50ADJD034101Chart IIKinematic Viscosity, Low Range:Kinematic Viscosity: 0.18 cSt to 6.5 cStTemperature: 70 C to +370 CSize: 520 mm by 820 mm (20.5 in. by 32.25 in.)Pad of 50ADJD034102Chart IIIKinematic Viscosity, High Range:Kinematic Viscosit
19、y: 0.3 cSt to 20 000 000 cStTemperature: 70 C to +370 CSize: 217 mm by 280 mm (8.5 in. by 11.0 in.)Pad of 50ADJD034103Chart IVKinematic Viscosity, Low Range:Kinematic Viscosity: 0.18 cSt to 6.5 cStTemperature: 70 C to +370 CSize: 217 mm by 280 mm (8.5 in. to 11.0 in.)Pad of 50ADJD034104Chart VKinema
20、tic Viscosity, High Range:Kinematic Viscosity: 0.3 cSt to 20 000 000 cStTemperature: 100 F to +700 FSize: 680 mm by 820 mm (26.75 in. by 32.25 in.)Pad of 50ADJD034105Chart VIKinematic Viscosity, Low Range:Kinematic Viscosity: 0.18 cSt to 3.0 cStTemperature: 100 F to +700 FSize: 520 mm by 820 mm (20.
21、5 in. by 32.25 in.)Pad of 50ADJD034106Chart VIIKinematic Viscosity, Middle Range:Kinematic Viscosity: 3 cSt to 200 000 cStTemperature: 40 C to +150 CSize: 217 mm by 280 mm (8.5 in. by 11.0 in.)Pad of 50ADJD0341074.2 Charts I, II, V, and VI are preferred when convenience and accuracy of plotting are
22、desired. Chart VII is the middle rangesection of Chart I at somewhat reduced scale. It is provided for convenience in connection with reports and data evaluation. ChartsIII and IV are the same as Charts I and II and are provided in greatly reduced scale for convenience in connection with reportsor q
23、uick evaluation of data. These latter charts are not recommended for use where the most accurate interpolations orextrapolations are desired.5. Procedure5.1 Plot two known kinematic viscosity-temperature points on the chart. Draw a sharply defined straight line through them. Apoint on this line, wit
24、hin the range defined in Section 3, shows the kinematic viscosity at the corresponding desired temperatureand vice versa.NOTE 1If the kinematic viscosities are not known, they should be determined in accordance with Test Method D445 or D7042. Test Method D7042results shall be bias-corrected by the a
25、pplication of the correction described in Test Method D7042 for the specific sample type. In case of dispute, TestMethod D445 shall be the referee method.5.2 Alternatively, the interpolated and extrapolated kinematic viscosities and temperatures may be calculated as described inAnnex A1, within the
26、range identified for the charts in Section 3.6. Extrapolation6.1 Kinematic viscosity-temperature points on the extrapolated portion of the line, but still within the range defined in Section3, are satisfactory provided the kinematic viscosity-temperature line is located quite accurately. For purpose
27、s of extrapolation, itis especially important that the two known kinematic viscosity-temperature points be far apart. If these two points are notsufficiently far apart, experimental errors in the kinematic viscosity determinations and in drawing the line may seriously affectthe accuracy of extrapola
28、ted points, particularly if the difference between an extrapolated temperature and the nearest temperatureD341 174of determination is greater than the difference between the two temperatures of determination. In extreme cases, an additionaldetermination at a third temperature is advisable.7. Keyword
29、s7.1 charts; kinematic viscosity; MacCoull; viscosity; viscosity-temperature chartsD341 175ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONSA1.1 The complete design equation for the chart as given in Appendix X1.1 is not useful for inter-calculations of kinematicviscosity and temperature over t
30、he full chart kinematic viscosity range. More convenient equations4 that agree closely with thechart scale are given below. These are necessary when calculations involve kinematic viscosities smaller than 2.0 mm2/s (cSt).log log Z = A2B logT (A1.1)Z 510.71exp21.4721.8420.512! (A1.2)5Z 20.7#2exp20.74
31、87 2 3.295 Z 20.7#10.6119 Z 20.7#220.3193 Z 20.7#3) (A1.3)where:log = logarithm to base 10, = kinematic viscosity, mm2/s (or cSt),T = temperature, K (or t + 273.15, where t is C), andA and B = constants.A1.2 Inserting Eq A1.2 into Eq A1.1 will permit solving for the constants A and B for a fluid in
32、which some of the experimentalkinematic viscosity data fall below 2.0 mm2/s (cSt). This form can also be used to calculate the temperature associated with adesired kinematic viscosity.A1.3 Conversely, the kinematic viscosity associated with a stated temperature can be found from the equation determi
33、ned as inA1.2 by solving for Z in the substituted Eq A1.1, and then subsequently deriving the kinematic viscosity from the value of Z bythe use of Eq A1.3.APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. HISTORY OF THE ASTM VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE CHARTSX1.1 The forerunner of these charts was published by Neil M
34、acCoull.5 His continuation of the study of these charts resulted inpublication in 19276 of the chart based onlog log cSt 1 0.7! 5 A 2B log T (X1.1)An ASTM committee undertook study of this chart at that time, resulting in the first ASTM chart publication in 1932 using aconstant of 0.8 in the equatio
35、n. The constant was allowed to vary in charts published after 1937.X1.2 In 1928, Walther7 published the log-log Eq X1.1 without the constant, and in 1931, the log-log equation with a constant of0.8.X1.3 The present MacCoull-Wright charts are based largely on the work of MacCoull, Wright, andASTM Sub
36、committee D02.07.4 Manning, R. E., “Computational Aids for Kinematic Viscosity Conversions from 100 and 210F to 40 and 100C,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, JTEVA, Vol 2,No. 6, 1974, pp. 5228.5 MacCoull, N., Lubrication, The Texas Company, New York, June 1921, p. 65.6 1927 International Critical
37、 Tables, p. 147.7 Walther, C., “ The Variation of Viscosity with TemperatureI, II, III,” Erdol und Teer, Vol 5, 1928, p. 510, 526, 614.D341 176X1.4 The current charts were derived8 with computer assistance to provide linearity over a greater range on the basis of the mostreliable of modern data. The
38、 general relationship is:log log Z 5 A 2B log T (X1.2)where:Z = (v + 0.7 + C D + E F + G H),log = logarithm to base 10,v = kinematic viscosity, mm2/s (or cSt),T = temperature, K (or t + 273.15, where t is C),A and B = constants,C = exp (1.14883 2.65868v),D = exp (0.0038138 12.5645v),E = exp (5.46491
39、 37.6289v),F = exp (13.0458 74.6851v),G = exp (37.4619 192.643v), andH = exp (80.4945 400.468v).X1.4.1 Terms C through H are exponentials on the natural base e since this simplifies computer programming. Eq X1.1 useslogarithms to the base 10 for general convenience when used in short form.X1.4.2 The
40、 limits of applicability are listed below:Z = (v + 0.7) 2 10 7 to 2.00 cStZ = (v + 0.7 + C) 2 10 7 to 1.65 cStZ = (v + 0.7 + C D) 2 10 7 to 0.90 cStZ = (v + 0.7 + C D + E) 2 10 7 to 0.30 cStZ = (v + 0.7 + C D + E F + G) 2 10 7 to 0.24 cStZ = (v + 0.7 + C D + E F + G H) 2 10 7 to 0.21 cStX1.5 It is o
41、bvious that Eq X1.1 in the simplified form: log log (v + 0.7) = A BlogT will permit kinematic viscosity calculationsfor a given fluid in the majority of instances required. The constants A and B can be evaluated for a fluid from two data points.Kinematic viscosities or temperatures for other points
42、can then be readily calculated.X1.6 Older literature refers to a value called the ASTM Slope. It should be noted that this value is not the value of B given inEq X1.2. The ASTM Slope was originally obtained by physically measuring the slope of the kinematic viscosity-temperature dataplotted on the o
43、lder charts given in Test Method D341 43. The kinematic viscosity and temperature scales were not made to thesame ratios in Test Method D341 43. The improved charts given here utilize even different scale ratios for dimensionalconvenience and a different constant (0.7) from the older charts; consequ
44、ently, the original ASTM Slope is not numericallyequivalent to B in Eq X1.1 from any of the new charts, nor directly convertible from Eq X1.1.SUMMARY OF CHANGESSubcommittee D02.07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D341 09 (2015) that may impact the
45、 use of this standard. (Approved July 1, 2017.)(1) Revised Note 1 (formerly footnote 4) in subsection 5.1; added Test Method D7042 to Referenced Documents.8 Wright, W. A., “ An Improved Viscosity-Temperature Chart for Hydrocarbons,” Journal of Materials, Vol 4, No. 1, 1969, pp. 1927.D341 177ASTM Int
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