1、Designation: D375/D375M 95 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Specification forAsbestos Roving1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D375/D375M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers asbestos roving having aminimum of 75 mass % asbestos fiber, excluding the mass ofother inorganic reinforcing str
3、ands which may be present.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may resu
4、lt in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated healthrisks for users and for those with whom they come into contact.In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize th
5、e dust that results. For informa-tion on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Useof Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and ControlMeasures.”21.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest methods, Section 13, described in this specification: Thisstandard do
6、es not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use. For specific safety hazard warning,
7、see 1.3.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBar
8、riers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD861 Practice for Use of the Tex System to Designate LinearDensity of Fibers, Yarn Intermediates, and YarnsD1118 Test Method for M
9、agnetic Rating of Asbestos Fiberand Asbestos TextilesD1918 Test Method for Asbestos Content of Asbestos Tex-tilesD2100 Specification for Asbestos Textiles Used for Electri-cal Insulating PurposesD2260 Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent YarnNumbers Measured in Various Numbering SystemsD2946
10、Terminology for Asbestos and AsbestosCementProducts3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of other textile terms used in thisspecification, refer to Terminology D123. For asbestos terms,refer to Terminology D2946.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 asbestos fiber, nthe hydrous magnesium silicateserpentine mineral desi
11、gnated as chrysotile and having theempirical formula Mg3Si2O5(OH)4.3.2.2 asbestos roving, nan assemblage of carded asbestos,with or without other fibers, rubbed into a single strand withouttwist.3.2.3 asbestos roving construction number, na systemdesigned to show the construction, namely, the cut of
12、 the singleroving and whether reinforcements are present.3.2.3.1 DiscussionRovings up to 9-cut, inclusive, have3-digit construction numbers: the first digit indicates the cut,the second digit, the number of plies (always 1), and the thirddigit, the number of reinforcements. Rovings of 10-cut and1Thi
13、s specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC17.03 on Asbestos - Cement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published July 2017. Originally approvedin 1933. Last p
14、revious edition approved in 2009 as D375/D375M 95(2009)1.DOI: 10.1520/D0375_D0375M-95R17.2Available from The Asbestos Institute, http:/ referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informa
15、tion, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
16、 established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1over have 4-digit construction numbers; the first 2 digitsindicate the cut, the third digit, the nu
17、mber of plies (always 1),and the fourth digit, the number of reinforcements.Rovings containing reinforcements are designated by theroving construction number followed by the description of thereinforcing strand.Examples:No. 1010 roving 10-cut, no reinforcementNo. 1011 roving 10-cut, 1 reinforcement
18、(as specified)When wire is the reinforcement, the cut indicates the linear density of asbes-tos roving only (mass of the wire not included). When the reinforcement is otherthan wire, the cut indicates the linear density of the complete assembly.3.2.4 atmosphere for testing asbestos textiles, nair ma
19、in-tained at a relative humidity of 50 6 2 % at 21 6 1C.3.2.5 cut, nin asbestos, the number of 201.6 lengths perkilogram 100-yd lengths per pound 453.6 g 7000 grains ofasbestos roving.3.2.5.1 DiscussionThe term “cut” represents a length-per-unit-mass unit, and is derived by cutting (dividing) 7000 g
20、rains(453.6 g) by the mass of 10 yd in grains or the mass of 201.6m in kilograms of a single roving. The number of such unitsexpresses the number of the cut, and when multiplied by 100,indicates the nominal yards per pound.Example 1If 5 30-m skeins of single roving, or 150 m, weight 45.2 g, then201.
21、6 m weigh 60.7 g.Cut = 1 kg/60.7 g= 16.47, or 16.47-cut, which is 16 cut on the light side; and 16 201.6 =3226 m/kg, nominal.Example 2If five 30-yd skeins of single roving, or 150 yd, weigh 637.5grains, then 100 yd weigh 425 grains.Cut = 7000/425= 16.47, or 16.47-cut, which is 16-cut on the light si
22、de; and 16 100 =1600 yd/lb, nominal.The term 9cut9 as applied to asbestos may be defined differently in countriesother than the USA.3.2.6 reinforced asbestos roving, nasbestos roving con-taining a reinforcement of one or more strands of other fibersor wire.4. Classification and Grade4.1 Classes of a
23、sbestos roving are based on their structuralcomponents as follows:4.1.1 Class ARoving consisting of asbestos fiber or asbes-tos and other staple fiber(s).4.1.2 Class CAsbestos roving containing organic rein-forcing strand(s) as specified in 6.2.4.1.3 Class DAsbestos roving containing nonmetallic in-
24、organic reinforcing strand(s) as specified in 6.3.4.1.4 Class EAsbestos roving containing a combinationof the reinforcing strands used in Classes C through D.4.2 GradeThe grades of asbestos roving are based on thepercentage of asbestos content by mass as stated in Table 1.4.3 Electrical Insulation C
25、lassification:4.3.1 Asbestos roving as made for the electrical industry isfurnished in three types, classifed on the basis of magneticrating determinations, determined by Test Method D1118,asfollows:4.3.2 Type II (Magnetic Rating 0.75 Maximum) is intendedonly for special applications where the asbes
26、tos is of primaryimportance as electrical insulation used on magnet wire andwhen used primarily as a dielectric.4.3.3 Type IV (Magnetic Rating 2.00 Maximum) is intendedfor use where the asbestos is of secondary importance aselectrical insulation and where it is applied in combination withother mater
27、ials of comparably higher dielectric strength, as inthe construction of heat and flame resistant electrical insulatingwalls over unit conductors of electric cables.4.3.4 Type VI (Magnetic Rating 4.00 Maximum) is intendedfor use where the asbestos is of minor importance as adielectric, as in the cons
28、truction of filler or heat and flameresistant walls of electric cables or when used as a lining forcontrol enclosures subject to exposure to electric arcs (arcchutes).5. Ordering Information5.1 Asbestos roving is normally purchased on the basis ofroving construction number, class, type, and grade (s
29、ee 16.1).6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 FibersAsbestos roving shall be uniformly carded froma specified blend of staple fibers.6.2 Organic ReinforcementsThe organic reinforcement(s)may be cotton, nylon, rayon, or other spun or filament yarn(s)as specified in the order.6.3 Nonmetallic Inorganic Rein
30、forcementsThe inorganicreinforcement(s) may be glass, or other ceramic or vitreousspun or filament yarn(s) as specified in the order.7. Chemical Composition7.1 ReinforcementsThe chemical properties of the rein-forcements shall meet the specifications for such materials asagreed upon by the purchaser
31、 and the seller.7.2 Asbestos ContentThe asbestos content of the particu-lar grade specified shall be within the limits in Table 1.8. Physical Properties8.1 ReinforcementsPhysical properties of the reinforce-ments shall meet the specifications for such materials as agreedupon by the purchaser and the
32、 seller.8.2 Electromagnetic PropertiesRoving to be used forelectrical insulating purposes shall conform to the requirementsof Specification D2100.TABLE 1 Grades of Asbestos RovingGrade Asbestos Content, mass %Commercial 75 up to but excluding 80Underwriters 80 up to but excluding 85A 85 up to but ex
33、cluding 90AA 90 up to but excluding 95AAA 95 up to but excluding 99AAAA 99 to 100 inclusiveD375/D375M 95 (2017)29. Mechanical Properties9.1 Tensile (Breaking) StrengthThe tensile strength(breaking load) of asbestos roving shall be as agreed upon bythe buyer and the seller.10. Dimensions, Mass, and P
34、ermissible Variations10.1 Roving Number (Cut)The linear density in metresper kilogram or yards per pound of single asbestos rovingshall conform to the limits in Table 2.11. Sampling11.1 Take five sample packages at random from each lot of400 to 500 kg 800 to 1000 lb, or fraction thereof, preferablyf
35、rom more than two containers (cases) of roving.12. Specimen Preparation12.1 Condition all samples in the atmosphere for testingasbestos textiles (see 3.2.4) for a minimum of 4 h, or until aspecimen of the sample shows no progressive change in massof more than 0.1 % after an exposure of 0.5 h.13. Tes
36、t MethodsROVING NUMBER (CUT)13.1 ScopeThis test method covers the determination ofthe cut number of asbestos roving.13.2 Significance and UseThe cut is the dimension ofasbestos roving that is of primary importance since it indicatesits specific length per unit mass. It is used to establish thesuitab
37、ility of a roving for a particular application.13.3 HazardsWarningsee 1.3.13.4 Procedure:13.4.1 Determine the linear density of plain or reinforcedasbestos roving as directed in 13.4.2 and 13.4.4. Calculate theroving number as in 3.3.1.13.4.2 Nonreinforced RovingDetermine the linear densityof condit
38、ioned nonreinforced roving as follows: Cut four 1 60.01-m 16 0.01-yd lengths from each of the five packages.Combine and weigh the specimen of 20 m 20 yd to thenearest 0.5 g and calculate the number of metres per kilogramyards per pound using Eq 1:Y 5 20/Wor Y 5 20!/W# (1)where:Y = metres per kilogra
39、m yards per pound, andW = mass of the 20-m 20-yd specimen in kilogramspounds.13.4.3 Repeat the procedure in 13.4.2 on four additional20-m 20-yd specimens taken from the same five packages.Calculate the average metres per kilogram yards per pound ofthe five specimens.13.4.4 Reinforced RovingsReinforc
40、ing strands are to beincluded in the mass of the roving in determining the lineardensity. Calculate the metres per kilogram yards per pound asdirected in 13.4.2.13.4.5 Repeat the procedure in 13.4.4 on four additional20-m 20-yd specimens taken from the same five packages.Calculate the average metres
41、 per kilogram yards per pound ofthe five specimens.13.4.6 Metallic Reinforced RovingMetallic reinforcingstrands are not to be included in the mass of the roving indetermining the linear density. Prepare the 20-m 20-ydspecimen as directed in 13.4.2 and weigh to the nearest 0.5 g.Separate and weigh th
42、e total metallic reinforcement to thenearest 0.5 g. Calculate the number of metres per kilogramyards per pound using Eq 2:Y 5 20/M 2 R!or Y 5 20/M 2 R# (2)where:Y = metres per kilogram yards per pound,M = total mass of the 20-m 20-yd specimen in kilogramspound, andR = mass of metallic reinforcement
43、in kilograms pound.13.4.7 Repeat the procedure in 13.4.6 on four additional20-m 20-yd specimens taken from the same five packages.Calculate the average metres per kilogram yards per pound ofthe five specimens.13.5 Precision and BiasSee Section 14.TENSILE (BREAKING) STRENGTH (BREAKING LOAD)13.6 Scope
44、This test method covers the determination ofthe tensile (breaking) strength (or breaking load) of asbestosroving.13.7 Significance and UseThe tensile strength determina-tion provides an evaluation of the degree to which individualfibers in the roving are meshed together and a measure of theTABLE 2 R
45、equirements for Length per Unit Mass of StandardAsbestos RovingCutNumberNominal Lengthper Unit MassPermissible Variation inAverage Length per Unit Massin a 30-m 30-yd skeinm/kg yd/lbAm/kg yd/lbAm/kg yd/lb5-cut 1000 500 81 40 150 756-cut 1200 600 97 48 180 907-cut 1400 700 113 56 210 1508-cut 1600 80
46、0 129 64 240 1209-cut 1800 900 145 72 270 13510-cut 2000 1000 161 80 300 15012-cut 2400 1200 194 96 360 18014-cut 2800 1400 230 112 420 21016-cut 3200 1600 260 128 480 24018-cut 3600 1800 290 144 540 27020-cut 4000 2000 320 160 600 30022-cut 4400 2200 350 176 670 33024-cut 4800 2400 390 192 730 3602
47、6-cut 5200 2600 420 208 790 39028-cut 5600 2800 450 224 850 42030-cut 6000 3000 480 240 910 45035-cut 7100 3500 560 280 1100 52540-cut 8100 4000 650 320 1200 60045-cut 9100 4500 730 360 1400 67550-cut 10100 5000 810 400 1500 750ATo determine tex numbers, divide 496050 by yards-per-pound.Atex unit is
48、 equalto the mass in grams of 1 km of yarn. See Tables D2260 and Practice D861.D375/D375M 95 (2017)3cohesive strength of the roving. It may be used to determine thesuitability of reinforced roving for specific applications.13.8 ApparatusSee 13.10.1.1.13.9 HazardsRefer to 13.3.13.10 Procedure:13.10.1
49、 Nonreinforced RovingIt is not industry practice toconduct tensile (breaking) strength tests on this material.13.10.1.1 ApparatusUse a constant-rate-of traverse-typetensile testing machine conforming to Specification D76. Thetensile testing machine should have a range within which thecalibration of the load-indicating device is accurate within61.0 % and the break
