1、Designation: D396 14Standard Specification forFuel Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year
2、 of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oilintended for use in various typ
3、es of fuel-oil-burning equipmentunder various climatic and operating conditions. These gradesare described as follows:1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, andNo. 2 S500 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic andsmall industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500are par
4、ticularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or wherestorage conditions require low pour point fuel.1.1.2 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillatefuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used incommercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosityrange.1.1.3 Grades No. 5 (Light
5、), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 areresidual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used inindustrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handlingand proper atomization.NOTE 1For information on the significance of the terminology andtest methods used in this specification, see Appendix
6、X1.NOTE 2A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is givenin X1.3.1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agenciesin formulating specifications to be included in contracts forpurchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fueloils in the selection of the grades
7、 most suitable for their needs.1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observanceof federal, state, or local regulations which can be morerestrictive.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.NOTE 3The generat
8、ion and dissipation of static electricity can createproblems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more informa-tion on the subject, see Guide D4865.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD86 Test Method for Distillation of Pe
9、troleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
10、eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fu
11、el Oilsby the Extraction MethodD482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or
12、APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High-Temperature Method)D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum ProductsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluores
13、cence SpectrometryD2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in MiddleDistillate Fuels by CentrifugeD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-troleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and
14、Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and MarineFuels.Current edition approved May 15, 2014. Published July 2014. Originallyapproved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D396 13c. DOI:10.1520/D0396-14.2For referen
15、ced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyrigh
16、t ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sam
17、pling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by
18、 Trace ContaminationD4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-tricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5842 Practice for Samplin
19、g and Handling of Fuels forVolatility MeasurementD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Tilt M
20、ethod)D5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Rotational Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and FuelSystemsD6749 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Air Pressure Method)D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100)for Middle Dist
21、illate FuelsD6892 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Robotic Tilt Method)D7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, JetFuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, andGasoline-Ethanol Blends by Monochromatic WavelengthDispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD7042 Test Met
22、hod for Dynamic Viscosity and Density ofLiquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation ofKinematic Viscosity)D7094 Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continu-ously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) TesterD7220 Test Method for Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, andJet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersiv
23、e X-rayFluorescence Spectrometry2.2 Other Documents:26 CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye Color andConcentration340 CFR Part 80 Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives3EN 14078 Determination of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)content in middle distillates Infrared spectrometrymethod43. Terminology3
24、.1 Definitions:3.1.1 biodiesel, nfuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters oflong chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animalfats, designated B100.3.1.2 biodiesel blend (BXX), nblend of biodiesel fuel withfuel oils.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn the abbreviation BXX, the XX rep-resents the volume percen
25、tage of biodiesel fuel in the blend.3.1.3 hydrocarbon oil, na homogeneous mixture withelemental composition primarily of carbon and hydrogen thatmay also contain sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen from residualimpurities and contaminants associated with the fuels rawmaterials and manufacturing processes an
26、d excluding addedoxygenated materials.3.1.3.1 DiscussionNeither macro nor micro emulsions areincluded in this definition since neither are homogeneousmixtures.3.1.3.2 DiscussionExamples of excluded oxygenated ma-terials are alcohols, esters, ethers, and triglycerides.4. General Requirements4.1 The g
27、rades of fuel oil specified herein shall be hydro-carbon oils, except as provided in 4.3, free from inorganic acid,and free from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreignmatter. The inclusion of additives to enhance performanceproperties, if required, is allowed.NOTE 4Additives are generally inc
28、luded in finished fuel oil toimprove performance properties (stability, pour point, and so forth).4.2 All grades containing residual components shall remainuniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into lightand heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for thegrade.4.3 Fuels Ble
29、nded with BiodieselThe detailed require-ments for fuels blended with biodiesel shall be as follows:4.3.1 Biodiesel for BlendingIf biodiesel is a component ofany fuel oil, the biodiesel shall meet the requirements ofSpecification D6751.4.3.2 Fuel oil containing up to 5 vol% biodiesel shall meetthe re
30、quirements for the appropriate grade No. 1 or No. 2 fuelas listed in Table 1.4.3.3 Test Method EN 14078 shall be used for determina-tion of the vol% biodiesel in a biodiesel blend.4.3.4 Fuel oils containing more than 5 vol% biodieselcomponent are not included in this specification.4.3.5 Biodiesel bl
31、ends with Grades 4, 5, or 6 are not coveredby this specification.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.4Available from the National CEN members listed on the CEN website(www.cenorm.be) or from the CEN
32、/TC 19 Secretariat (astmnen.nl).D396 1425. Detailed Requirements5.1 The various grades of fuel oil shall conform to thelimiting requirements shown in Table 1. A representativesample shall be taken for testing in accordance with PracticeD4057.5.2 Modifications of limiting requirements to meet special
33、operating conditions agreed upon between the purchaser, theseller, and the supplier shall fall within limits specified for eachgrade, except as stated in supplementary footnotes for Table 1.6. Sampling, Containers, and Sample Handling6.1 The reader is strongly advised to review all intended testmeth
34、ods prior to sampling in order to understand the impor-tance and effects of sampling technique, proper containers, andspecial handling required for each test method.6.2 Correct sampling procedures are critical to obtaining asample representative of the fuel oil to be tested. Refer to X1.4for recomme
35、ndations. The recommended procedures or prac-tices provide techniques useful in the proper sampling orhandling of fuels oils.7. Test Methods7.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shallbe determined in accordance with the following ASTM testmethods,5except as may be required under 7.1.
36、1.7.1.1 Flash PointTest Method D93 (Procedure A) forGrades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500,and No. 4 (Light), and Test Method D93 (Procedure B) forGrades No. 4, No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6, exceptwhere other methods are prescribed by law. For Grades No. 1S5000, No. 1 S50
37、0, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 45For information on the precision of the ASTM test methods for fuel oils referto “An Evaluation of Methods for Determination of Sulfur in Fuel Oils” by A. R.Crawford, Esso Mathematics and Systems Inc. and G. V. Dyroff, Esso Research andEngineering Co., 1969. This
38、 document is available from the Publications Section,API Library,American Petroleum Institute, 1220 LSt., NW,Washington, DC 20005.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Fuel OilsA,BProperty ASTM Test MethodCNo. 1S500CNo. 1S5000CNo. 2S500CNo. 2S5000CNo. 4 (Light)CNo. 4No. 5(Light)No. 5(Heavy)No. 6Flash Po
39、int, C, min D93 Proc. AD93 Proc. B38.38.38.38.38.55.55.55.60Water and sediment, % vol, max D2709 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 . . . . .D95 + D473 . . . . (0.50)D(0.50)D(1.00)D(1.00)D(2.00)DDistillation Temperature, C D8610 % volume recovered, max 215 215 . .90 % volume recovered, min . . 282 28290 % volume r
40、ecovered, max 288 288 338 338Kinematic viscosity at 40C, mm2/s D445min 1.3 1.3 1.9 1.9 1.9 5.5 . . .max 2.4 2.4 4.1 4.1 5.5 24.0EKinematic viscosity at 100C, mm2/s D445min . . . . . . 5.0 9.0 15.0max . . . . . . 8.9E14.9E50.0ERamsbottom carbon residue on 10 %distillation residue % mass, maxD524 0.15
41、 0.15 0.35 0.35 . . . . .Ash, % mass, max D482 . . . . 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.15 .Sulfur, % mass maxFD2622 0.05 0.5 0.05 0.5Copper strip corrosion rating, max,3 h at a minimum controltemperature of 50CD130 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 . . . . .Density at 15C, kg/m3D1298min . . . . 876G. . . .max 850 850 876 87
42、6 . . . . .Pour Point C, maxHD97 18 18 6 6 6 6 . .IAIt is the intent of these classifications that failure to meet any requirement of a given grade does not automatically place an oil in the next lower grade unless in fact itmeets all requirements of the lower grade. However, to meet special operati
43、ng conditions, modifications of individual limiting requirements may be agreed upon amongthe purchaser, seller, and manufacturer.BRefer to 7.1.2.1 for Low Temperature guidance for 1000 gallons) are inuse and appropriate consideration has been given to operatingconditions as described in X2.1.2.7.1.2
44、.2 Table 2 lists 10th percentile ambient temperatures asguidance for smaller Fuel Oil storage conditions (0.1 mass% No. 1 S5000, No. 2 S5000, No. 4 (Light),No. 5 (Heavy), No. 6mass%D1266 0.01 to 0.4 mass% No. 1 S500, No. 2 S500 mass%D1552 0.06 mass% No. 1 S5000, No. 2 S5000, No. 4 (Light),No. 4, No.
45、 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), No. 6mass%D4294 0.0150 to 5.00 mass% All Grades mass%D5453 1.0 to 8000 mg/kg(0.0001 to 0.8 mass%)All Grades mg/kgD7039 4to17mg/kg(0.0004 to 0.0017 mass%)S500 grades only if the sulfurresult is less than 17 mg/kgmg/kgD7220 3 to 942 mg/kg(0.0003 to 0.0942 mass%)S500 grades m
46、g/kgD396 146than grade No. 4 without preheating. Preheating may benecessary in some types of equipment for burning and in colderclimates for handling.X1.3.6 Grade No. 5 (Heavy) is a residual fuel more viscousthan Grade No. 5 (Light) and is intended for use in similarservice. Preheating may be necess
47、ary in some types of equip-ment for burning and in colder climates for handling.X1.3.7 Grade No. 6, sometimes referred to as Bunker C, isa high-viscosity oil used mostly in commercial and industrialheating. It requires preheating in the storage tank to permitpumping, and additional preheating at the
48、 burner to permitatomizing. The extra equipment and maintenance required tohandle this fuel usually preclude its use in small installations.X1.3.8 Residual fuel oil supplied to meet regulations requir-ing low sulfur content can differ from the grade previouslysupplied. It may be lower in viscosity (
49、and fall into a differentgrade number). If it must be fluid at a given temperature, TestMethod D97 need not accurately reflect the pour point whichcan be expected after a period of storage. It is suggested thatthe purchaser and supplier discuss the proper handling andoperating techniques for a given low-sulfur residual fuel oil inthe installation where it is to be used.X1.4 Sampling, Containers, and Sample HandlingX1.4.1 IntroductionThis appendix section provides guid-ance on methods and techniques for the proper sampling of fueloils. As fuel oi
