1、Designation: D396 14aD396 15Standard Specification forFuel Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates
2、the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in va
3、rious types of fuel-oil-burning equipmentunder various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and smallindustrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1
4、S500 are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storageconditions require low pour point fuel.1.1.2 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.1.1.3 Grad
5、es No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used inindustrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.NOTE 1For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specificat
6、ion, see Appendix X1.NOTE 2A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchasesof fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the se
7、lection of the grades most suitable for their needs.1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this s
8、tandard.NOTE 3The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more informationon the subject, see Guide D4865.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD86 Test Metho
9、d for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup TesterD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and Bituminous Materials by DistillationD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD129 Test Method for Sulfur
10、in Petroleum Products (General High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)D473 Test Method for Sedi
11、ment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oils by the Extraction MethodD482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum ProductsD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)D1298 Test Method for De
12、nsity, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer Method1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0 on Burner, Diesel
13、, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014Jan. 1, 2015. Published October 2014February 2015. Originally approved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 2014 asD396 14.D396 14a. DOI: 10.1520/D0396-14A.10.1520/D0396-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit t
14、heASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard a
15、n indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is t
16、o be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High-Temperature Method)D2500 T
17、est Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum ProductsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by CentrifugeD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fr
18、actions by Gas ChromatographyD3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup TesterD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampl
19、ing of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static
20、 Electricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility MeasurementD5854 Practice for Mix
21、ing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Tilt Method)D5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Rotati
22、onal Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel SystemsD6749 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Air Pressure Method)D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate FuelsD6892 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Produc
23、ts (Robotic Tilt Method)D7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Jet Fuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, and Gasoline-EthanolBlends by Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger
24、 Viscometer (and the Calculation of KinematicViscosity)D7094 Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continuously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) TesterD7220 Test Method for Sulfur inAutomotive, Heating, and Jet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-ray FluorescenceSpectrometry2.2 Other Documents:26 CFR Pa
25、rt 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye Color and Concentration340 CFR Part 80 Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives3EN 14078 Determination of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content in middle distillates Infrared spectrometry method43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 biodiesel, nfuel comprised of mono-al
26、kyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats,designated B100.3.1.2 biodiesel blend (BXX), nblend of biodiesel fuel with fuel oils.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn the abbreviation BXX, the XX represents the volume percentage of biodiesel fuel in the blend.3.1.3 hydrocarbon oil
27、, na homogeneous mixture with elemental composition primarily of carbon and hydrogen that may alsocontain sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen from residual impurities and contaminants associated with the fuels raw materials andmanufacturing processes and excluding added oxygenated materials.3.1.3.1 Discussi
28、onNeither macro nor micro emulsions are included in this definition since neither are homogeneous mixtures.3.1.3.2 Discussion3 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.4 Available from the National CEN m
29、embers listed on the CEN website (www.cenorm.be) or from the CEN/TC 19 Secretariat (astmnen.nl).D396 152Examples of excluded oxygenated materials are alcohols, esters, ethers, and triglycerides.3.1.3.3 DiscussionThe hydrocarbon oil may be manufactured from a variety of raw materials, for example, pe
30、troleum (crude oil), oil sands, naturalgas, coal, and biomass. Appendix X3 discusses some matters for consideration regarding the use of fuel oils from feedstocks otherthan petroleum.4. General Requirements4.1 The grades of fuel oil specified herein shall be hydrocarbon oils, except as provided in 4
31、.3, free from inorganic acid, andfree from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter. The inclusion of additives to enhance performance properties, ifrequired, is allowed.NOTE 4Additives are generally included in finished fuel oil to improve performance properties (stability, pour point,
32、and so forth).4.2 All grades containing residual components shall remain uniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into light andheavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade.4.3 Fuels Blended with BiodieselThe detailed requirements for fuels blended with biodiesel shal
33、l be as follows:4.3.1 Biodiesel for BlendingIf biodiesel is a component of any fuel oil, the biodiesel shall meet the requirements ofSpecification D6751.4.3.2 Fuel oil containing up to 5 vol% biodiesel shall meet the requirements for the appropriate grade No. 1 or No. 2 fuel aslisted in Table 1.TABL
34、E 1 Detailed Requirements for Fuel OilsA,BProperty ASTM Test MethodC No. 1S500C No. 1S5000C No. 2S500C No. 2S5000C No. 4 (Light)C No. 4 No. 5(Light) No. 5(Heavy) No. 6Flash Point, C, min D93 Proc. AD93 Proc. B38.38.38.38.38.55.55.55.60Water and sediment, % vol, max D2709 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 . . . .
35、.D95 + D473 . . . . (0.50)D (0.50)D (1.00)D (1.00)D (2.00)DDistillation Temperature, C D8610 % volume recovered, max 215 215 . .90 % volume recovered, min . . 282 28290 % volume recovered, max 288 288 338 338Kinematic viscosity at 40C, mm2/s D445min 1.3 1.3 1.9 1.9 1.9 5.5 . . .max 2.4 2.4 4.1 4.1 5
36、.5 24.0EKinematic viscosity at 100C, mm2/s D445min . . . . . . 5.0 9.0 15.0max . . . . . . 8.9E 14.9E 50.0ERamsbottom carbon residue on 10 %distillation residue % mass, maxD524 0.15 0.15 0.35 0.35 . . . . .Ash, % mass, max D482 . . . . 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.15 .Sulfur, % mass maxF D2622 0.05 0.5 0.05 0.5
37、Copper strip corrosion rating, max,3 h at a minimum controltemperature of 50CD130 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 . . . . .Density at 15C, kg/m3 D1298min . . . . 876G . . . .max 850 850 876 876 . . . . .Pour Point C, maxH D97 18 18 6 6 6 6 . . IA It is the intent of these classifications that failure to mee
38、t any requirement of a given grade does not automatically place an oil in the next lower grade unless in fact itmeets all requirements of the lower grade. However, to meet special operating conditions, modifications of individual limiting requirements may be agreed upon amongthe purchaser, seller, a
39、nd manufacturer.B Refer to 7.1.2.1 for Low Temperature guidance for 1000 gallons) are in use andappropriate consideration has been given to operating conditions as described in X2.1.2.7.1.2.2 Table 2 lists 10th percentile ambient temperatures as guidance for smaller Fuel Oil storage conditions (1000
40、 gallonsin outside or unheated storage) in the United States (see X2.1.3, Current Practices). Appropriate low temperature operabilityproperties should be agreed upon between the fuel supplier and purchaser for the intended use and expected ambient temperatures.The 10th percentile ambient temperature
41、s are divided by month (October through March) and by state or by specific portion ofa state. Smaller storage containers are commonly used and stored outside in home heating oil applications (275 gal and 550 galoutside storage tanks are typical).7.1.2.3 The low temperature recommendations discussed
42、in X2.1.3 may be met by Test Method D2500 Cloud Point (or anapproved alternate test method) or by Test Method D97 Pour Point (or an approved alternate test method). If Pour Point is usedthen the difference between the Cloud Point and the Low Temperature guidance found in Table 2 should not exceed 10
43、C.7.1.3 Water and SedimentThe water and sediment in Grade No. 1 S500, No. 1 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S5000 shall bedetermined in accordance with Test Method D2709 and in Grade Nos. 4, 5, and 6 by Test Method D95 and Test Method D473.A density of 1.0 kg/L shall be used for the Test Method D95 wat
44、er.7.1.4 Carbon ResidueTest Method D524.7.1.5 AshTest Method D482.7.1.6 DistillationDistillation of Grade No. 1 and No. 2 oils shall be determined in accordance with Test Methods D86 orD2887.6 Results from Test Method D2887 shall be reported as “Predicted D86” results by application of the correlati
45、on inAppendix X5 Test Method D2887 to convert the values. In case of dispute, Test Method D86 shall be used as the referee testmethod.5 For information on the precision of theASTM test methods for fuel oils refer to “An Evaluation of Methods for Determination of Sulfur in Fuel Oils” byA. R. Crawford
46、,Esso Mathematics and Systems Inc. and G. V. Dyroff, Esso Research and Engineering Co., 1969. This document is available from the Publications Section, API Library,American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L St., NW, Washington, DC 20005.6 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters
47、and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1553.D396 154TABLE 2 Tenth Percentile Minimum Ambient Air Temperatures in C for the United States (except Hawaii)State Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. MarchAlabama 4 3 6 7 3 2AlaskaNorthern 25 37 45 49 47 43Southern 11 13 18 32 32 29South East 4 11 1
48、6 19 13 12ArizonaNorth 34 latitude 4 12 14 17 16 12South 34 latitude 7 0 2 4 3 1Arkansas 2 4 7 11 7 3CaliforniaNorth Coast 3 0 2 2 1 1Interior 2 3 4 7 6 6South Coast 6 2 0 1 0 2Southeast 1 6 8 11 7 5ColoradoEast 105 long 2 12 14 19 15 12West 105 long 8 18 25 30 24 16Connecticut 1 7 16 17 16 9Delawar
49、e 2 3 10 11 10 6FloridaNorth 29 latitude 7 1 2 3 1 2South 29 latitude 14 7 3 3 5 7Georgia 3 2 6 7 6 2Idaho 4 13 18 21 18 13IllinoisNorth 40 latitude 1 9 19 21 18 11South 40 latitude 1 7 16 17 15 8Indiana 1 7 16 18 16 9Iowa 2 13 23 26 22 16Kansas 2 11 15 19 14 13Kentucky 1 6 13 14 11 6Louisiana 5 1 3 4 2 1Maine 3 10 23 26 26 18Maryland 2 3 10 12 10 4Massachusetts 2 7 16 18 17 10Michigan
