1、Designation: D396 16Standard Specification forFuel Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year
2、 of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oilintended for use in various typ
3、es of fuel-oil-burning equipmentunder various climatic and operating conditions. These gradesare described as follows:1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 1 S15, No. 2S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S15 are middle distillate fuelsfor use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1S5000,
4、 No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15 are particularly adapted tovaporizing type burners or where storage conditions requirelow pour point fuel.1.1.2 Grades B6B20 S5000, B6B20 S500, and B6B20S15 are middle distillate fuel/biodiesel blends for use indomestic and small industrial burners.1.1.3 Grades No. 4 (Ligh
5、t) and No. 4 are heavy distillatefuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used incommercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosityrange.1.1.4 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 areresidual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used inindustrial burners. Preheati
6、ng is usually required for handlingand proper atomization.NOTE 1For information on the significance of the terminology andtest methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.NOTE 2A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is givenin X1.3.1.2 This specification is for the use of pur
7、chasing agenciesin formulating specifications to be included in contracts forpurchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fueloils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observanceof federal, state, or local regula
8、tions which can be morerestrictive.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and in7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in theindustry.NOTE 3The generation and dissipation of static electricity can createproblems in the
9、handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more informa-tion on the subject, see Guide D4865.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products andLiquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD93 Test Met
10、hods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)D130
11、 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oilsby the Extraction MethodD482 Test Method for
12、 Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D1298 Test Method for
13、Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct
14、 responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and MarineFuels.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originallyapproved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D396 15c. DOI:10.1520/D0396-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visi
15、t the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 10
16、0 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1TABLE1DetailedRequirementsforFuelOilsA,BPropertyASTMTestMethodCNo.1S15CNo.1S500CNo.1S5000CNo.2S15CNo.2S500CNo.2S5000CB6B20S15CB6B20S500CB6B20 S5000CNo.4(Light)CNo.4No.5(Light)No.5(Heavy)No.6FlashPoint,C,minD93Proc.AD93
17、Proc.B38.38.38.38.38.38.38.38.38.38.55.55.55.60Waterandsediment,percentbyvolume,maxD27090.050.050.050.050.050.050.050.050.05.D95+D473.(0.50)D(0.50)D(1.00)D(1.00)D(2.00)DDistillationTemperature,CD8610%volumerecovered,max215215215.90%volumerecovered,min.28228228228228228290%volumerecovered,max28828828
18、8338338338343343343Kinematicviscosityat40C,mm2/sD445min1.31.31.31.91.91.91.31.31.31.95.5.max2.42.42.44.14.14.14.14.14.15.524.0EKinematicviscosityat100C,mm2/sD445min.5.09.015.0max.8.9E14.9E50.0ERamsbottomcarbonresidueon10%distillationresiduepercentbymass,maxD5240.150.150.150.350.350.350.350.350.35.As
19、h,percentbymass,maxD482.0.050.100.150.15.Sulfur,percentbymassmaxFD2622.0.050.5.0.050.5.0.050.5D54530.0015.0.0015.0.0015.Lubricity,HFRR60C,micron,maxD6079/D7688520520520520520520520K520K520KCopperstripcorrosionrating,max,3hataminimumcontroltemperatureof50CD130No.3No.3No.3No.3No.3No.3No.3No.3No.3.Dens
20、ityat15C,kg/m3D1298min.876G.max850850850876876876876876876.PourPointC,maxHD9718181866666666.IOxidationStability,hours,minEN15751.666AcidNumber,mgKOH/g,maxD664.0.30.30.3BiodieselContent,percent(V/V)JD7371.620.620.620.Conductivity(pS/m)orConductivityUnits(C.U.),minD2624/D430825L25L25L25L25L25L25L25L25
21、LAItistheintentoftheseclassificationsthatfailuretomeetanyrequirementofagivengradedoesnotautomaticallyplaceanoilinthenextlowergradeunlessinfactitmeetsallrequirementsofthelowergrade.However,tomeetspecialoperatingconditions,modificationsofindividuallimitingrequirementsmaybeagreeduponamongthepurchaser,s
22、eller,andmanufacturer.BReferto7.1.2.1forLowTemperatureguidancefor1000 gal) are in useand appropriate consideration has been given to operatingconditions as described in X2.1.2.5For information on the precision of the ASTM test methods for fuel oils referto “An Evaluation of Methods for Determination
23、 of Sulfur in Fuel Oils” by A. R.Crawford, Esso Mathematics and Systems Inc. and G. V. Dyroff, Esso Research andEngineering Co., 1969. This document is available from the Publications Section,API Library,American Petroleum Institute, 1220 LSt., NW,Washington, DC 20005.D396 1647.1.2.2 Table 2 lists 1
24、0th percentile ambient temperatures asguidance for smaller Fuel Oil storage conditions (1000 gal inoutside or unheated storage) in the United States (see X2.1.3,Current Practices). Appropriate low temperature operabilityproperties should be agreed upon between the fuel supplier andpurchaser for the
25、intended use and expected ambient tempera-tures. The 10th percentile ambient temperatures are divided bymonth (October through March) and by state or by specificportion of a state. Smaller storage containers are commonlyused and stored outside in home heating oil applications (275gal and 550 gal out
26、side storage tanks are typical).7.1.2.3 The low temperature recommendations discussed inX2.1.3 may be met by Test Method D2500 Cloud Point (or anapproved alternate test method) or by Test Method D97 PourPoint (or an approved alternate test method). If Pour Point isused then the difference between th
27、e Cloud Point and the LowTemperature guidance found in Table 2 should not exceed10 C.7.1.3 Water and SedimentThe water and sediment inGrade No. 1 S500, No. 1 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S5000shall be determined in accordance with Test Method D2709and in Grade Nos. 4, 5, and 6 by Test Method D95 and
28、 TestMethod D473. A density of 1.0 kgL shall be used for the TestMethod D95 water.7.1.4 Carbon ResidueTest Method D524.7.1.5 AshTest Method D482.7.1.6 DistillationDistillation of Grade No. 1 and No. 2oils shall be determined in accordance with Test Methods D86or D2887.6Results from Test Method D2887
29、 shall be reportedas “Predicted D86” results by application of the correlation inAppendix X4Test Method D2887 to convert the values. In caseof dispute, Test Method D86 shall be used as the referee testmethod.7.1.7 ViscosityViscosity shall be determined in accor-dance with Test Method D445. Bias-corr
30、ected values from TestMethod D7042 may be used as alternative results for TestMethod D445 on Grades No. 1 and No. 2 with the same limits.Section 15 of Test Method D7042 contains bias-correctioninformation. In case of dispute, Test Method D445 shall beused as the referee method.7.1.8 DensityTest Meth
31、od D1298. Test Method D4052can be used as an alternate with the same limits. In case ofdispute, Test Method D1298 shall be used as the refereemethod.7.1.9 CorrosionTest Method D130, 3 h test at a minimumcontrol temperature of 50 C.7.1.10 SulfurTest Method D2622. See Table 3 for alter-nate test metho
32、ds for sulfur, the range over which each applies,and the corresponding fuel grades.7.1.11 LubricityTest Methods D6079 or D7688. TestMethod D6079 shall be the referee method.7.1.12 ConductivityBoth conductivity test methods, TestMethods D2624 and D4308 are allowed for all grades of No. 1and No. 2 fue
33、ls. There is no conductivity requirement forNo. 4, No. 5, or No. 6 grades.8. Precautionary Notes on Conductivity8.1 Accumulation of static charge occurs when a hydrocar-bon liquid flows with respect to another surface. The electricalconductivity requirement of 25 pSm minimum at temperatureof deliver
34、y shall apply when the transfer conditions in Table 4exist for the delivery into a mobile transport container (forexample, tanker trucks, railcars, and barges).9. Keywords9.1 biodiesel; biodiesel blend; burner fuels; fuel oils; fur-nace oils; petroleum and petroleum products6Supporting data have bee
35、n filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1553.D396 165TABLE 2 Tenth Percentile Minimum Ambient Air Temperatures in C for the United States (except Hawaii)State Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. MarchAlabama 43673 2AlaskaNorthern 25 37 45 49 47 43South
36、ern 11 13 18 32 32 29South East 4 11 16 19 13 12ArizonaNorth 34 latitude 4 12 14 17 16 12South 34 latitude 7 0 2 4 3 1Arkansas 2 4 7 11 7 3CaliforniaNorth Coast 3 0 2 2 1 1Interior 2 3 4 7 6 6South Coast 6 2 0 1 0 2Southeast 1 6 8 11 7 5ColoradoEast 105 long 2 12 14 19 15 12West 105 long 8 18 25 30
37、24 16Connecticut 1 7 16 17 16 9Delaware 2 3 10 11 10 6FloridaNorth 29 latitude 7 1 2 3 1 2South 29 latitude 14 7335 7Georgia 32676 2Idaho 4 13 18 21 18 13IllinoisNorth 40 latitude 1 9 19 21 18 11South 40 latitude 1 7 16 17 15 8Indiana 1 7 16 18 16 9Iowa 2 13 23 26 22 16Kansas 2 11 15 19 14 13Kentuck
38、y 1 6 13 14 11 6Louisiana 51342 1Maine 3 10 23 26 26 18Maryland 2 3 10 12 10 4Massachusetts 2 7 16 18 17 10Michigan 2 11 20 23 23 18Minnesota 4 18 30 34 31 24Mississippi 33664 1Missouri 1 7 14 16 13 8Montana 7 18 24 30 24 21Nebraska 3 13 18 22 19 13NevadaNorth 38 latitude 7 14 18 22 18 13South 38 la
39、titude 8 0 3 4 2 1New Hampshire 3 8 18 21 21 12New Jersey 2 3 11 12 11 6New MexicoNorth 34 latitude 2 11 14 17 14 11South 34 latitude 4 4 8 11 7 3New YorkNorth 42 latitude 3 8 21 24 24 16South 42 latitude 1 5 14 16 15 9North Carolina 1 7 10 11 9 5North Dakota 4 20 27 31 29 22Ohio 1 7 16 17 15 9Oklah
40、oma 1 8 12 13 8 7OregonEast 122 long 6 11 14 19 14 9West 122 long 0 4 5 7 4 3PennsylvaniaNorth 41 latitude 3 8 19 20 21 15South 41 latitude 0 6 13 14 14 8Rhode Island 1 3 12 13 13 7South Carolina 51553 2South Dakota 4 14 24 27 24 18Tennessee 1 5 9 11 9 4TexasNorth 31 latitude 3 6 9 13 9 7South 31 la
41、titude 9 2 2 3 1 2Utah 2 11 14 18 14 8Vermont 3 8 20 23 24 15Virginia 2 3 9 11 9 4WashingtonEast 122 long 2 8 11 18 11 8West 122 long 0 3 3 7 4 3D396 166APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF ASTM SPECIFICATION FOR FUEL OILSX1.1 ScopeX1.1.1 This specification divides fuel oils into
42、grades basedupon the types of burners for which they are suitable. It placeslimiting values on several of the properties of the oils in eachgrade. The properties selected for limitation are those that arebelieved to be of the greatest significance in determining theperformance characteristics of the
43、 oils in the types of burnersin which they are most commonly used.X1.2 ClassesX1.2.1 Because of the methods employed in theirproduction, fuel oils fall into two broad classifications: distil-lates and residuals. The distillates consist of overhead ordistilled fractions. The residuals are bottoms rem
44、aining fromthe distillation, or blends of these bottoms with distillates. Inthis specification, Grades No. 1 and No. 2 are distillates and thegrades from No. 4 to No. 6 are usually residual, although someheavy distillates can be sold as Grade No. 4.X1.3 GradesX1.3.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, a
45、nd No. 1 S15 aremiddle distillates intended for use in burners of the vaporizingtype in which the oil is converted to a vapor by contact with aheated surface or by radiation. High volatility is necessary toensure that evaporation proceeds with a minimum of residue.The low sulfur grades S15 or S500 m
46、ay be specified by federal,state, or local regulations and can result in reduced deposits onferrous heat exchanger surfaces compared to Grade No. 1S5000 when burned under similar conditions.X1.3.2 Grades No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S15 aremiddle distillates somewhat heavier than grades No. 1
47、S5000,No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15. They are intended for use inatomizing type burners which spray the oil into a combustionchamber where the tiny droplets burn while in suspension.These grades of oil are used in most domestic burners and inmany medium capacity commercial-industrial burners whereease o
48、f handling and ready availability sometimes justifyhigher cost over the residual fuels. The low sulfur grades S15or S500 may be specified by federal, state, or local regulationsto reduce SOx emissions and can result in reduced deposits onferrous heat exchanger surfaces compared to Grade No. 2S5000 when burned under similar conditions.X1.3.3 Grades B6B20 S5000 and B6B20 S500 are middledistilla
