1、Designation: D396 161D396 17Standard Specification forFuel Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates
2、the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1 NOTEFootnote C of Table 1 was corrected editorially in February 2017.1. Scope*1.1 This spec
3、ification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipmentunder various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 1 S15, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S15 are middle di
4、stillate fuels for usein domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15 are particularly adapted to vaporizingtype burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel.1.1.2 Grades B6B20 S5000, B6B20 S500, and B6B20 S15 are middle distillate fuel/biod
5、iesel blends for use in domestic andsmall industrial burners.1.1.3 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.1.1.4 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are resi
6、dual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used inindustrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.NOTE 1For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.NOTE 2A more detailed descript
7、ion of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchasesof fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs
8、.1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and in 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in
9、 the industry.NOTE 3The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more informationon the subject, see Guide D4865.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on s
10、tandardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Close
11、d Cup TesterD86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup TesterD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and Bituminous Materials by DistillationD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Pet
12、roleum ProductsD129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liqu
13、id Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016July 1, 2017. Published November 2016July 2017. Originally approved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 20152016 a
14、sD396 15c.D396 161. DOI: 10.1520/D0396-16E01.10.1520/D0396-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website
15、.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior ed
16、itions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-29
17、59. United States1TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Fuel OilsA,BProperty ASTM TestMethodC No. 1S15C No. 1S500C No. 1S5000C No. 2S15C No. 2S500C No. 2S5000C B6B20S15C B6B20S500C B6B20S5000C No. 4(Light)C No. 4 No. 5(Light) No. 5(Heavy) No. 6Flash Point, C, min D93 Proc. AD93 Proc. B38.38.38.38.38.38.
18、38.38.38.38.55.55.55.60Water and sediment, percent byvolume, maxD2709 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 . . . . .D95 + D473 . . . . . . . . . (0.50)D (0.50)D (1.00)D (1.00)D (2.00)DDistillation Temperature, C D8610 % volume recovered, max 215 215 215 . . . . . .90 % volume recovered, min
19、. . . 282 282 282 282 282 28290 % volume recovered, max 288 288 288 338 338 338 343 343 343Kinematic viscosity at 40 C, mm2/s D445min 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.9 5.5 . . .max 2.4 2.4 2.4 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 5.5 24.0EKinematic viscosity at 100 C,mm2/sD445min . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0
20、9.0 15.0max . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9E 14.9E 50.0ERamsbottom carbon residue on10 % distillation residue percent bymass, maxD524 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 . . . . .Ash, percent by mass, max D482 . . . . . . . . . 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.15 .Sulfur, percent by mass maxF D2622 . 0.05 0.5 .
21、0.05 0.5 . 0.05 0.5D5453 0.0015 . . 0.0015 . . 0.0015 . .Lubricity, HFRR 60 C, micron,maxD6079/D7688 520 520 520 520 520 520 520K 520K 520KCopper strip corrosion rating, max,3 h at a minimum controltemperature of 50 CD130 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No.3 No. 3 No. 3 . . . . .Density at 15 C,
22、 kg/m3 D1298min . . . . . . . . . 876G . . . .max 850 850 850 876 876 876 876 876 876 . . . . .Pour Point C, maxH D97 18 18 18 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 . . IOxidation Stability, hours, min EN 15751 . . . . . . 6 6 6Acid Number, mg KOH/g, max D664 . . . . . . 0.3 0.3 0.3Biodiesel Content, percent (V/V)J D7371
23、 . . . . . . 6 20. 6 20. 6 20. .Conductivity (pS/m) orConductivity Units (C.U.), minD2624/D4308 25L 25L 25L 25L 25L 25L 25L 25L 25LA It is the intent of these classifications that failure to meet any requirement of a given grade does not automatically place an oil in the next lower grade unless in f
24、act it meets all requirements of the lower grade. However,to meet special operating conditions, modifications of individual limiting requirements may be agreed upon among the purchaser, seller, and manufacturer.B Refer to 7.1.2.1 for Low Temperature guidance for 1000 gal) are in use andappropriate c
25、onsideration has been given to operating conditions as described in X2.1.2.7.1.2.2 Table 2 lists 10th percentile ambient temperatures as guidance for smaller Fuel Oil storage conditions (1000 gal inoutside or unheated storage) in the United States (see X2.1.3, Current Practices). Appropriate low tem
26、perature operabilityproperties should be agreed upon between the fuel supplier and purchaser for the intended use and expected ambient temperatures.The 10th percentile ambient temperatures are divided by month (October through March) and by state or by specific portion ofa state. Smaller storage con
27、tainers are commonly used and stored outside in home heating oil applications (275 gal and 550 galoutside storage tanks are typical).7.1.2.3 The low temperature recommendations discussed in X2.1.3 may be met by Test Method D2500 Cloud Point (or anapproved alternatealternative test method) or by Test
28、 Method D97 Pour Point (or an approved alternatealternative test method). IfPour Point is used then the difference between the Cloud Point and the Low Temperature guidance found in Table 2 should notexceed 10 C.7.1.3 Water and SedimentThe water and sediment in Grade No. 1 S500, No. 1 S5000, No. 2 S5
29、00, and No. 2 S5000 shall bedetermined in accordance with Test Method D2709 and in Grade Nos. 4, 5, and 6 by Test Method D95 and Test Method D473.A density of 1.0 kgL shall be used for the Test Method D95 water.7.1.4 Carbon ResidueTest Method D524.7.1.5 AshTest Method D482.7.1.6 DistillationDistilla
30、tion of Grade No. 1 and No. 2 oils shall be determined in accordance with Test Methods D86 orD2887.6 Results from Test Method D2887 shall be reported as “Predicted D86” results by application of the correlation inAppendix X4 Test Method D2887 to convert the values. In case of dispute, Test Method D8
31、6 shall be used as the referee testmethod.7.1.7 ViscosityViscosity shall be determined in accordance with Test Method D445. Bias-corrected values from Test MethodD7042 may be used as alternative results for Test Method D445 on Grades No. 1 and No. 2 with the same limits. Section 15 ofTest Method D70
32、42 contains bias-correction information. In case of dispute,Test Method D445 shall be used as the referee method.7.1.8 DensityTest Method D1298. Test Method D4052 can be used as an alternatealternative with the same limits. In case ofdispute, Test Method D1298 shall be used as the referee method.7.1
33、.9 CorrosionTest Method D130, 3 h test at a minimum control temperature of 50 C.7.1.10 SulfurTest MethodMethods D2622. for all grades except S15 and D5453 for S15 grades. See Table 3 foralternatealternative test methods for sulfur, the range over which each applies, sulfur and the corresponding fuel
34、 grades.7.1.11 LubricityTest Methods D6079 or D7688. Test Method D6079 shall be the referee method.7.1.12 ConductivityBoth conductivity test methods, Test Methods D2624 and D4308 are allowed for all grades of No. 1 andNo. 2 fuels. There is no conductivity requirement for No. 4, No. 5, or No. 6 grade
35、s.8. Precautionary Notes on Conductivity8.1 Accumulation of static charge occurs when a hydrocarbon liquid flows with respect to another surface. The electricalconductivity requirement of 25 pSm minimum at temperature of delivery shall apply when the transfer conditions in Table 4 existfor the deliv
36、ery into a mobile transport container (for example, tanker trucks, railcars, and barges).5 For information on the precision of theASTM test methods for fuel oils refer to “An Evaluation of Methods for Determination of Sulfur in Fuel Oils” byA. R. Crawford,Esso Mathematics and Systems Inc. and G. V.
37、Dyroff, Esso Research and Engineering Co., 1969. This document is available from the Publications Section, API Library,American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L St., NW, Washington, DC 20005.6 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Re
38、port RR:D02-1553.D396 176TABLE 2 Tenth Percentile Minimum Ambient Air Temperatures in C for the United States (except Hawaii)State Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. MarchAlabama 4 3 6 7 3 2AlaskaNorthern 25 37 45 49 47 43Southern 11 13 18 32 32 29South East 4 11 16 19 13 12ArizonaNorth 34 latitude 4 12 14 17
39、 16 12South 34 latitude 7 0 2 4 3 1Arkansas 2 4 7 11 7 3CaliforniaNorth Coast 3 0 2 2 1 1Interior 2 3 4 7 6 6South Coast 6 2 0 1 0 2Southeast 1 6 8 11 7 5ColoradoEast 105 long 2 12 14 19 15 12West 105 long 8 18 25 30 24 16Connecticut 1 7 16 17 16 9Delaware 2 3 10 11 10 6FloridaNorth 29 latitude 7 1
40、2 3 1 2South 29 latitude 14 7 3 3 5 7Georgia 3 2 6 7 6 2Idaho 4 13 18 21 18 13IllinoisNorth 40 latitude 1 9 19 21 18 11South 40 latitude 1 7 16 17 15 8Indiana 1 7 16 18 16 9Iowa 2 13 23 26 22 16Kansas 2 11 15 19 14 13Kentucky 1 6 13 14 11 6Louisiana 5 1 3 4 2 1Maine 3 10 23 26 26 18Maryland 2 3 10 1
41、2 10 4Massachusetts 2 7 16 18 17 10Michigan 2 11 20 23 23 18Minnesota 4 18 30 34 31 24Mississippi 3 3 6 6 4 1Missouri 1 7 14 16 13 8Montana 7 18 24 30 24 21Nebraska 3 13 18 22 19 13NevadaNorth 38 latitude 7 14 18 22 18 13South 38 latitude 8 0 3 4 2 1New Hampshire 3 8 18 21 21 12New Jersey 2 3 11 12
42、11 6New MexicoNorth 34 latitude 2 11 14 17 14 11South 34 latitude 4 4 8 11 7 3New YorkNorth 42 latitude 3 8 21 24 24 16South 42 latitude 1 5 14 16 15 9North Carolina 1 7 10 11 9 5North Dakota 4 20 27 31 29 22Ohio 1 7 16 17 15 9Oklahoma 1 8 12 13 8 7OregonEast 122 long 6 11 14 19 14 9West 122 long 0
43、4 5 7 4 3PennsylvaniaNorth 41 latitude 3 8 19 20 21 15South 41 latitude 0 6 13 14 14 8Rhode Island 1 3 12 13 13 7South Carolina 5 1 5 5 3 2South Dakota 4 14 24 27 24 18Tennessee 1 5 9 11 9 4TexasNorth 31 latitude 3 6 9 13 9 7South 31 latitude 9 2 2 3 1 2Utah 2 11 14 18 14 8Vermont 3 8 20 23 24 15Vir
44、ginia 2 3 9 11 9 4WashingtonEast 122 long 2 8 11 18 11 8West 122 long 0 3 3 7 4 3D396 1779. Keywords9.1 biodiesel; biodiesel blend; burner fuels; fuel oils; furnace oils; petroleum and petroleum productsAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF ASTM SPECIFICATION FOR FUEL OILSX1.1 Scop
45、eX1.1.1 This specification divides fuel oils into grades based upon the types of burners for which they are suitable. It places limitingvalues on several of the properties of the oils in each grade. The properties selected for limitation are those that are believed tobe of the greatest significance
46、in determining the performance characteristics of the oils in the types of burners in which they aremost commonly used.X1.2 ClassesX1.2.1 Because of the methods employed in their production, fuel oils fall into two broad classifications: distillates and residuals.The distillates consist of overhead
47、or distilled fractions. The residuals are bottoms remaining from the distillation, or blends ofthese bottoms with distillates. In this specification, Grades No. 1 and No. 2 are distillates and the grades from No. 4 to No. 6 areusually residual, although some heavy distillates can be sold as Grade No
48、. 4.X1.3 GradesX1.3.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15 are middle distillates intended for use in burners of the vaporizing typein which the oil is converted to a vapor by contact with a heated surface or by radiation. High volatility is necessary to ensure thatTABLE 2 ContinuedState Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. MarchWest Virginia 3 8 15 16 14 9Wisconsin 3 14 24 28 24 18Wyoming 4 15 18 26 19 16TABLE 3 Sulfur Test MethodsSulfur Test Method GradesD
