1、Designation: D422 63 (Reapproved 2007)1Standard Test Method forParticle-Size Analysis of Soils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D422; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorial changes made throughout in February 2014.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determinationof the distribution of par
3、ticle sizes in soils. The distribution ofparticle sizes larger than 75 m (retained on the No. 200 sieve)is determined by sieving, while the distribution of particle sizessmaller than 75 m is determined by a sedimentation process,using a hydrometer to secure the necessary data (Note 1 andNote 2).NOTE
4、 1Separation may be made on the No. 4 (4.75-mm), No. 40(425-m), or No. 200 (75-m) sieve instead of the No. 10. For whateversieve used, the size shall be indicated in the report.NOTE 2Two types of dispersion devices are provided: (1) a high-speed mechanical stirrer, and (2) air dispersion. Extensive
5、investigationsindicate that air-dispersion devices produce a more positive dispersion ofplastic soils below the 20-m size and appreciably less degradation on allsizes when used with sandy soils. Because of the definite advantagesfavoring air dispersion, its use is recommended. The results from the t
6、wotypes of devices differ in magnitude, depending upon soil type, leading tomarked differences in particle size distribution, especially for sizes finerthan 20 m.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D421 Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil Samples forParticle-Size Analysis and Determination o
7、f Soil Con-stantsE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE100 Specification for ASTM Hydrometers2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Air-Jet Dispersion Cup for Grain-Size Analysis of Soil33. Apparatus3.1 BalancesA balance sensitive to 0.01 g for weighingthe material passing a No. 10 (2.00-mm) s
8、ieve, and a balancesensitive to 0.1 % of the mass of the sample to be weighed forweighing the material retained on a No. 10 sieve.3.2 Stirring ApparatusEither apparatus A or B may beused.3.2.1 Apparatus A shall consist of a mechanically operatedstirring device in which a suitably mounted electric mo
9、tor turnsa vertical shaft at a speed of not less than 10 000 rpm withoutload. The shaft shall be equipped with a replaceable stirringpaddle made of metal, plastic, or hard rubber, as shown in Fig.1. The shaft shall be of such length that the stirring paddle willoperate not less than34 in. (19.0 mm)
10、nor more than 112 in.(38.1 mm) above the bottom of the dispersion cup. A specialdispersion cup conforming to either of the designs shown inFig. 2 shall be provided to hold the sample while it is beingdispersed.3.2.2 Apparatus B shall consist of an air-jet dispersion cup(see drawing3)(Note 3) conform
11、ing to the general detailsshown in Fig. 3 (Note 4 and Note 5).NOTE 3The amount of air required by an air-jet dispersion cup is ofthe order of 2 ft3/min; some small air compressors are not capable ofsupplying sufficient air to operate a cup.NOTE 4Another air-type dispersion device, known as a dispers
12、iontube, developed by Chu and Davidson at Iowa State College, has beenshown to give results equivalent to those secured by the air-jet dispersioncups. When it is used, soaking of the sample can be done in thesedimentation cylinder, thus eliminating the need for transferring theslurry. When the air-d
13、ispersion tube is used, it shall be so indicated in thereport.NOTE 5Water may condense in air lines when not in use. This watermust be removed, either by using a water trap on the air line, or byblowing the water out of the line before using any of the air for dispersionpurposes.3.3 HydrometerAn AST
14、M hydrometer, graduated to readin either specific gravity of the suspension or grams per litre ofsuspension, and conforming to the requirements for hydrom-eters 151H or 152H in Specifications E100. Dimensions ofboth hydrometers are the same, the scale being the only item ofdifference.3.4 Sedimentati
15、on CylinderA glass cylinder essentially 18in. (457 mm) in height and 212 in. (63.5 mm) in diameter, and1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticityand Density Characteristics of Soils.C
16、urrent edition approved Oct. 15, 2007. Published October 2007. Originallyapproved in 1935. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D422 63 (2002)1.DOI: 10.1520/D0422-63R07E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. F
17、or Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD0422.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United St
18、ates1marked for a volume of 1000 mL. The inside diameter shall besuch that the 1000-mL mark is 36 6 2 cm from the bottom onthe inside.3.5 ThermometerA thermometer accurate to 1F (0.5C).3.6 SievesA series of sieves, of square-mesh woven-wirecloth, conforming to the requirements of Specification E11.A
19、full set of sieves includes the following (Note 6):3-in. (75-mm) No. 10 (2.00-mm)2-in. (50-mm) No. 20 (850-m)112-in. (37.5-mm) No. 40 (425-m)1-in. (25.0-mm) No. 60 (250-m)34-in. (19.0-mm) No. 140 (106-m)38-in. (9.5-mm) No. 200 (75-m)No. 4 (4.75-mm)NOTE 6Aset of sieves giving uniform spacing of point
20、s for the graph,as required in Section 17, may be used if desired. This set consists of thefollowing sieves:3-in. (75-mm) No. 16 (1.18-mm)112-in. (37.5-mm) No. 30 (600-m)34-in. (19.0-mm) No. 50 (300-m)38-in. (9.5-mm) No. 100 (150-m)No. 4 (4.75-mm) No. 200 (75-m)No. 8 (2.36-mm)3.7 Water Bath or Const
21、ant-Temperature RoomA waterbath or constant-temperature room for maintaining the soilsuspension at a constant temperature during the hydrometeranalysis. A satisfactory water tank is an insulated tank thatmaintains the temperature of the suspension at a convenientconstant temperature at or near 68F (
22、20C). Such a device isillustrated in Fig. 4. In cases where the work is performed in aroom at an automatically controlled constant temperature, thewater bath is not necessary.3.8 BeakerA beaker of 250-mL capacity.3.9 Timing DeviceA watch or clock with a second hand.4. Dispersing Agent4.1 A solution
23、of sodium hexametaphosphate (sometimescalled sodium metaphosphate) shall be used in distilled ordemineralized water, at the rate of 40 g of sodiumhexametaphosphate/litre of solution (Note 7).NOTE 7Solutions of this salt, if acidic, slowly revert or hydrolyzeback to the orthophosphate form with a res
24、ultant decrease in dispersiveaction. Solutions should be prepared frequently (at least once a month) oradjusted to pH of 8 or 9 by means of sodium carbonate. Bottles containingsolutions should have the date of preparation marked on them.4.2 All water used shall be either distilled or demineralizedwa
25、ter. The water for a hydrometer test shall be brought to thetemperature that is expected to prevail during the hydrometertest. For example, if the sedimentation cylinder is to be placedin the water bath, the distilled or demineralized water to beused shall be brought to the temperature of the contro
26、lled waterbath; or, if the sedimentation cylinder is used in a room withcontrolled temperature, the water for the test shall be at theMetric Equivalentsin. 0.001 0.049 0.2031234mm 0.03 1.24 5.16 12.7 19.0FIG. 1 Detail of Stirring PaddlesMetric Equivalentsin. 1.3 2.6 3.75mm 33 66 95.2FIG. 2 Dispersio
27、n Cups of ApparatusD422 63 (2007)12temperature of the room. The basic temperature for thehydrometer test is 68F (20C). Small variations of tempera-ture do not introduce differences that are of practical signifi-cance and do not prevent the use of corrections derived asprescribed.5. Test Sample5.1 Pr
28、epare the test sample for mechanical analysis asoutlined in Practice D421. During the preparation procedurethe sample is divided into two portions. One portion containsonly particles retained on the No. 10 (2.00-mm) sieve while theother portion contains only particles passing the No. 10 sieve.The ma
29、ss of air-dried soil selected for purpose of tests, asprescribed in Practice D421, shall be sufficient to yieldquantities for mechanical analysis as follows:5.1.1 The size of the portion retained on the No. 10 sieveshall depend on the maximum size of particle, according to thefollowing schedule:Nomi
30、nal Diameter ofLargest Particles,in. (mm)Approximate MinimumMass of Portion, g38 (9.5) 50034 (19.0) 10001 (25.4) 2000112 (38.1) 30002 (50.8) 40003 (76.2) 50005.1.2 The size of the portion passing the No. 10 sieve shallbe approximately 115 g for sandy soils and approximately 65g for silt and clay soi
31、ls.5.2 Provision is made in Section 5 of Practice D421 forweighing of the air-dry soil selected for purpose of tests, theseparation of the soil on the No. 10 sieve by dry-sieving andwashing, and the weighing of the washed and dried fractionretained on the No. 10 sieve. From these two masses theperce
32、ntages retained and passing the No. 10 sieve can becalculated in accordance with 12.1.FIG. 3 Air-Jet Dispersion Cups of Apparatus BMetric Equivalentsin.78 13614 14 37mm 22.2 25.4 76.2 158.2 356 940FIG. 4 Insulated Water BathD422 63 (2007)13NOTE 8A check on the mass values and the thoroughness ofpulv
33、erization of the clods may be secured by weighing the portion passingthe No. 10 sieve and adding this value to the mass of the washed andoven-dried portion retained on the No. 10 sieve.SIEVE ANALYSIS OF PORTION RETAINED ON NO.10 (2.00-mm) SIEVE6. Procedure6.1 Separate the portion retained on the No.
34、 10 (2.00-mm)sieve into a series of fractions using the 3-in. (75-mm), 2-in.(50-mm), 112-in. (37.5-mm), 1-in. (25.0-mm),34-in. (19.0-mm),38-in. (9.5-mm), No. 4 (4.75-mm), and No. 10 sieves, oras many as may be needed depending on the sample, or uponthe specifications for the material under test.6.2
35、Conduct the sieving operation by means of a lateral andvertical motion of the sieve, accompanied by a jarring action inorder to keep the sample moving continuously over the surfaceof the sieve. In no case turn or manipulate fragments in thesample through the sieve by hand. Continue sieving until not
36、more than 1 mass % of the residue on a sieve passes that sieveduring 1 min of sieving. When mechanical sieving is used, testthe thoroughness of sieving by using the hand method ofsieving as described above.6.3 Determine the mass of each fraction on a balanceconforming to the requirements of 3.1. At
37、the end of weighing,the sum of the masses retained on all the sieves used shouldequal closely the original mass of the quantity sieved.HYDROMETER AND SIEVE ANALYSIS OF PORTIONPASSING THE NO. 10 (2.00-mm) SIEVE7. Determination of Composite Correction forHydrometer Reading7.1 Equations for percentages
38、 of soil remaining insuspension, as given in 14.3, are based on the use of distilledor demineralized water. A dispersing agent is used in the water,however, and the specific gravity of the resulting liquid isappreciably greater than that of distilled or demineralizedwater.7.1.1 Both soil hydrometers
39、 are calibrated at 68F (20C),and variations in temperature from this standard temperatureproduce inaccuracies in the actual hydrometer readings. Theamount of the inaccuracy increases as the variation from thestandard temperature increases.7.1.2 Hydrometers are graduated by the manufacturer to beread
40、 at the bottom of the meniscus formed by the liquid on thestem. Since it is not possible to secure readings of soilsuspensions at the bottom of the meniscus, readings must betaken at the top and a correction applied.7.1.3 The net amount of the corrections for the three itemsenumerated is designated
41、as the composite correction, and maybe determined experimentally.7.2 For convenience, a graph or table of composite correc-tions for a series of 1 temperature differences for the range ofexpected test temperatures may be prepared and used asneeded. Measurement of the composite corrections may bemade
42、 at two temperatures spanning the range of expected testtemperatures, and corrections for the intermediate temperaturescalculated assuming a straight-line relationship between thetwo observed values.7.3 Prepare 1000 mL of liquid composed of distilled ordemineralized water and dispersing agent in the
43、 same propor-tion as will prevail in the sedimentation (hydrometer) test.Place the liquid in a sedimentation cylinder and the cylinder inthe constant-temperature water bath, set for one of the twotemperatures to be used. When the temperature of the liquidbecomes constant, insert the hydrometer, and,
44、 after a shortinterval to permit the hydrometer to come to the temperature ofthe liquid, read the hydrometer at the top of the meniscusformed on the stem. For hydrometer 151H the compositecorrection is the difference between this reading and one; forhydrometer 152H it is the difference between the r
45、eading andzero. Bring the liquid and the hydrometer to the other tempera-ture to be used, and secure the composite correction as before.8. Hygroscopic Moisture8.1 When the sample is weighed for the hydrometer test,weigh out an auxiliary portion of from 10 to 15 g in a smallmetal or glass container,
46、dry the sample to a constant mass inan oven at 230 6 9F (110 6 5C), and weigh again. Recordthe masses.9. Dispersion of Soil Sample9.1 When the soil is mostly of the clay and silt sizes, weighout a sample of air-dry soil of approximately 50 g. When thesoil is mostly sand the sample should be approxim
47、ately 100 g.9.2 Place the sample in the 250-mL beaker and cover with125 mL of sodium hexametaphosphate solution (40 g/L). Stiruntil the soil is thoroughly wetted. Allow to soak for at least 16h.9.3 At the end of the soaking period, disperse the samplefurther, using either stirring apparatus A or B.
48、If stirringapparatus A is used, transfer the soil-water slurry from thebeaker into the special dispersion cup shown in Fig. 2, washingany residue from the beaker into the cup with distilled ordemineralized water (Note 9). Add distilled or demineralizedwater, if necessary, so that the cup is more tha
49、n half full. Stirfor a period of 1 min.NOTE 9A large size syringe is a convenient device for handling thewater in the washing operation. Other devices include the wash-waterbottle and a hose with nozzle connected to a pressurized distilled watertank.9.4 If stirring apparatus B (Fig. 3) is used, remove the covercap and connect the cup to a compressed air supply by meansof a rubber hose. A air gage must be on the line between thecup and the control valve. Open the control valve so that thegage indicates 1 psi (7 kP
