1、Designation: D 425 88 (Reapproved 2001)Standard Test Method forCentrifuge Moisture Equivalent of Soils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 425; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mois-ture equivalent of soil in the laboratory by means of acentrifuge techni
3、que.1.2 This test method is limited to disturbed specimens ofcoarse-grained soils having fines of low plasticity such as SP,SW, SC-SM, or SM soils. The test is limited to soils passing the2.00-mm sieve or that fraction of a soil passing a 2.00-mmsieve.NOTE 1Test Method D 3152 or Test Method D 2325 s
4、hould be usedto evaluate the capillary-moisture relations of fine-grained soils andcoarse-grained soils having fines of medium to high plasticity, undisturbedsoils, and soils at specific desired units weights.1.3 The test method is temperature-dependent, and consis-tent comparable results can be obt
5、ained only if the tests areperformed under a constant-temperature condition.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standa
6、rd to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids2D 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture)
7、Content of Soil and Rock by Mass2D 2325 Test Method for Capillary-Moisture Relationshipsfor Coarse- and Medium-Textured Soils by Porous-PlateApparatus2D 3152 Test Method for Capillary-Moisture Relationshipsfor Fine-Textured Soils by Pressure-Membrane Apparatus2D 4753 Specification for Evaluating, Se
8、lecting, and Speci-fying Balances and Scales for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials Testing2E 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Pur-poses33. Terminology3.1 All definitions are in accordance with TerminologyD 653. Terms of particular significance are as follows:3.2 capillar
9、y fringe zonethe zone above the free waterelevation in which water is held by capillary action.3.3 centrifuge moisture equivalentthe water content of asoil after it has been saturated with water and then subjected forone hour to a centrifugal force equal to 1000 times that ofgravity.3.4 specific ret
10、entionthe ratio of the volume of water thatcannot be drained from a saturated soil under the action offorce of gravity to the total volume of voids.3.5 water-holding capacitythe smallest value to which thewater content of soil or rock can be reduced by gravitydrainage.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Th
11、e centrifuge moisture equivalent of soils is deter-mined by initially air-drying the soil, selecting two 5-g testspecimens, thoroughly soaking each test specimen, and thendetermining the water content of each specimen after it hasbeen centrifuged for1hataforce equal to 1000 times that ofgravity at a
12、 controlled temperature of 20 6 1C.5. Significance and Use5.1 Not all water contained in a saturated soil can beremoved by gravity drainage. The amount of water retainedafter gravity drainage is usually expressed as water holdingcapacity or specific retention. It varies with time, and with thepartic
13、le-size distribution and plasticity of the soil (in general,increasing in value with increasing plasticity index).5.2 In general, the centrifuge moisture equivalent is basedon the theory of applying a centrifugal force great enough toreduce the capillary fringe zone enough that it can be ignoredwith
14、out introducing much error, even in small specimens, andyet not so great as to withdraw a large proportion of the waterthat is held securely above the capillary fringe. For example, ifa soil will hold water 100 mm by capillarity acting againstgravity, the soil will theoretically be able to hold the
15、water only1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticity,and Density Characteristics of Soils.Current edition approved May 27, 1988. Published July 1988. Originallypublished as D 425 35
16、T. Last previous edition D 425 79e1.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.0.1 mm against a centrifugal force that is 1000 times greaterthan
17、 the force of gravity. It has been determined that for at leastmedium-textured soils (sandy to silty particle-size distribution)the centrifuge moisture equivalent approximates the waterholding capacity and when combined with the bulk density canbe used to calculate an approximate specific retention
18、andspecific yield. These properties when combined with porositycan be used to estimate aquifer storage coefficient.6. Apparatus6.1 CentrifugeA centrifuge of such a size and so driventhat a force equal to 1000 times the force of gravity may beexerted on the center of gravity of the soil specimen for
19、1 h.The centrifuge chamber shall be capable of maintaining acontrolled temperature of 20 6 1C. The revolutions perminute, N, required to provide a centrifugal force of 1000 timesgravity is determined from the equation:N 5RCF0.0000111 rm(1)where:N = revolutions per minute,RCF = relative centrifugal f
20、orce (1000),r = radius of rotation to center of gravity of the testspecimen, cm, andm = mass of the body, taken as unity.For normal equipment installation, N will equal approxi-mately 2300 rpm.6.2 Gooch CrucibleA procelain Gooch crucible having aperforated bottom, a capacity of approximately 25 mL,
21、and adiameter at bottom of about 20 mm (Fig. 1). Crucibles shouldbe numbered and paired in such a way that their masses meetthe requirements of the manufacturer of the centrifuge.6.3 Babcock Trunnion CupsAt least one pair of centrifugecups with caps and with a crucible holder for supporting theGooch
22、 crucible above the bottom of the cup (Fig. 1). Theholder shall have sufficient clearance to fit fully within the cupand short support the cup in such a manner that the waterejected during the centrifuging operation does not come incontact with the crucible and soil. Cups and crucible holdersshould
23、be balanced in pairs opposite each other in the centri-fuge and should be numbered in pairs (for example, 1, 1A, 2,2A, etc.).6.4 Filter PaperA circular piece of filter paper just largeenough to cover the inside bottom of the Gooch crucible.NOTE 2Filter papers may be purchased already cut to size fro
24、m ascientific supply company. A medium speed, high wet strength (hardened)paper is recommended.6.5 BalanceA balance having a readability of 0.01 g, andaccurate to 60.03 g.NOTE 3For additional information on balances refer to SpecificationD 4753.6.6 HumidifierA desiccator cabinet or large desiccator
25、jarwith water in the lower half works satisfactorily. The desiccatorplate should be covered with hardware cloth on which to set theFIG. 1 Crucible, Trunnion Cup, and Cup HolderD 4252crucibles and soil specimens.6.7 OvenA thermostatically controlled drying oven, pref-erably of the forced-draft type,
26、capable of maintaining auniform temperature of 110 6 5C throughout.6.8 Water Content ContainersSuitable containers made ofmaterial resistant to corrosion and change in mass uponrepeated heating, cooling, and cleaning. Containers shall haveclose-fitting lids to prevent loss of moisture from the soilb
27、efore initial weighing and to prevent absorption of moisturefrom the atmosphere following oven drying and before finalweighing. One container is needed for each water contentdetermination. Containers should be 60 to 90-mL capacity.NOTE 4It is recommended that the containers be numbered in pairs toco
28、incide with the crucible numbers.6.9 Mortar and PestleA mortar and rubber-covered pestlesuitable for breaking up the aggregations of soil particles.6.10 Sieve2.00-mm (No. 10) sieve conforming to Speci-fication E 11. A sieve bottom pan and lid are also highlydesirable for facilitating specimen prepar
29、ation.7. Test Specimen7.1 Expose the soil sample, as received, to the air at roomtemperature until dried thoroughly. Break up the aggregationsthoroughly in the mortar with a rubber-covered pestle. Drysieve this material on a 2.00-mm sieve.NOTE 5If the sample, as received, has a mass much greater tha
30、nrequired to perform this test, the sample can be thoroughly mixed and asample weighing about 50 g split out for air drying.7.2 Take two 5-g specimens from the material passing the2.00-mm sieve after it has been thoroughly mixed. Thecrucibles should be numbered and paired in such a way that themasse
31、s of the crucibles and contents meet the requirements ofthe manufacturer of the centrifuge.8. Procedure8.1 Place the specimens loosely but evenly in the pairedGooch crucibles, in which previously has been placed a pieceof wet filter paper that just covers the bottom of each crucible.Place the crucib
32、le in a pan of distilled or demineralized waterof a depth at least 5 mm greater than the height of soil in thecup and allow the soil to take up water until “saturated.” Eighthours or overnight usually is satisfactory, as indicated by thepresence of free water covering the surface of the soil. Placet
33、he crucible and specimen in the humidifier to drain for at least12 h to ensure uniform distribution of moisture throughout thesoil mass. Pour or siphon off any water standing above thesurface of the specimens and place the crucibles in thecentrifuge cups fitted as described in 6.2. Place the pairedc
34、rucibles in the centrifuge cups opposite each other in thecentrifuge.8.2 Control the centrifuge at a temperature 20 6 1C. Bringthe centrifuge to the required speed within 5 min by fivesuccessive equal steps of the rheostat, with 1 min at each step.Maintain the centrifuge for 60 min at a constant spe
35、ed which,for the diameter head used, will exert a centrifugal force 1000times the force of gravity upon the center of gravity of the testspecimen. Following this period of centrifuging at requiredspeed, allow the centrifuge to come to rest with as little brakingas possible, but not to exceed a 5-min
36、 time interval.8.3 When water is observed on the top of the soil aftercentrifuging, the soil is said to have water-logged. The centri-fuge moisture equivalent is not considered to be valid for thismaterial and the report should be so noted.8.4 Immediately after centrifuging, transfer soil from thecr
37、ucibles to the water content containers as quickly as possibleto minimize moisture loss; it is not necessary to remove all ofthe soil from the crucibles. Then determine the water content ofeach specimen in accordance with Method D 2216.8.5 A copy of a sample data sheet is shown in Fig. 2. Anydata sh
38、eet can be used, provided the form contains all therequired data.9. Calculation9.1 Calculate the centrifuge moisture equivalent as theaverage of the water contents of the two specimens.10. Report10.1 The report shall include the following:10.1.1 Identification of sample (material) being tested, bybo
39、ring number, sample number, test number, etc.10.1.2 Average centrifuge moisture equivalent of the speci-men to the nearest 1 %. If the specimen was water-logged, thereport should state that the centrifuge moisture equivalent wasnot valid for the soil tested.10.1.3 Indication of which test specimen,
40、if any, was water-logged.11. Precision and Bias11.1 PrecisionInformation on the precision of this testmethod is being gathered.412. Keywords12.1 centrifuge moisture equivalent; specific retention; spe-cific yield, storage capacity; water holding capacity4For a discussion of variables which affect th
41、e results of this test, see Johnson,A. I., Prill, R. C., and Morris, D. A., “Specific YieldColumn Drainage andCentrifuge Moisture Content,” U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1662-A,1963.D 4253ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connec
42、tion with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsib
43、le technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful con
44、sideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100
45、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. 2 Centrifuge Moisture Equivalent Sample Data SheetD 4254
