1、Designation: D429 14Standard Test Methods forRubber PropertyAdhesion to Rigid Substrates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D429; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover procedures for testing thestati
3、c adhesional strength of rubber to rigid materials (in mostcases metals).Method ARubber Part Assembled Between Two ParallelMetal Plates.Method B90 Stripping TestRubber Part Assembled toOne Metal Plate.Method CMeasuring Adhesion of Rubber to Metal with aConical Specimen.Method DAdhesion TestPost-Vulc
4、anization (PV) Bond-ing of Rubber to Metal.Method E90 Stripping TestRubber Tank LiningAssembled to One Metal Plate.Method FRubber Part Assembled Between Two ParallelConvex-Shaped Metal PlatesMethod GMeasuring Bond Durability for Rubber-to-MetalBonded Components with a Double Shear Cylindrical Speci-
5、menMethod HMeasuring Bond Durability for Rubber-to-MetalBonded Components with a Quadruple Shear Specimen1.2 While the test method may be used with a wide varietyof rigid materials, use of materials other than metals is theexception. For this reason, we have used the word “metal” inthe text rather t
6、han “rigid materials.”1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this sta
7、ndard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) ApparatusD395 Test Methods for Rubber PropertyCompression SetD412 Test Methods f
8、or Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplas-tic ElastomersTensionD471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD572 Test Method for RubberDeterioration by Heat andOxygenD573 Test Method for RubberDeterioration in an AirOvenD1149 Test Methods for Rubber DeteriorationCracking inan Ozone Controlled Envi
9、ronmentE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesG153 Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc LightApparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Holding Fixture Drawings33. Significance and Use3.1 These test methods are designed primarily for speci-mens prepared in
10、 a laboratory under standardized conditionssuch as may be used to provide data for development andcontrol of rubber compounds and methods of manufacture.With slight modifications as indicated, Methods A, B, C, D,and E are also used for obtaining comparative adhesion testvalues of production parts wh
11、enever the design permits prepa-ration of suitable test specimens. Methods A, B, C, and D areapplicable in the case of many products in which rubber is usedfor controlling vibration.METHOD ARUBBER PART ASSEMBLEDBETWEENTWO PARALLEL METAL PLATES4. Adhesion Failure Terminology4.1 R indicates the failur
12、e is in the rubber.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 onRubberand are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.25 on RubberAdhesive Systems.Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published May 2014. Originallyapproved in 1935. Last previous edition approved in 2
13、008 as D429 08. DOI:10.1520/D0429-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Complete detail drawing
14、s of the fixture are available from ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD0429. Original adjunct produced in 1959.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 RC indicates the failure is at the rubber-cover ceme
15、ntinterface.4.3 CP indicates the failure is at the cover cement-primecement interface.4.4 M (can also be denoted as CM) indicates the failure is atthe metal-prime cement interface.NOTE 1ExampleThe percentages of the various types of failuremay be estimated as in the following examples:R-50, RC-50 me
16、ans that roughly one half or 50 % of the area showedfailure in the rubber and the other 50 % showed failure at the rubber covercement interface.R-25, RC-25, M-50 means three types of failure were present with theM indicating 50 % failure at the metal-primer interface. Determining thelocus of failure
17、 can normally be determined visually, but may requireanalytical test methods.5. Significance and Use5.1 Method A is used to determine adhesion values ininstances where users feel this design is more reflective of anactual product and where control tests have been set up as aresult. The sample also l
18、ends itself to testing the effectivenessof different processing techniques and various adhesive sys-tems.6. Apparatus6.1 Testing MachineA tension testing machine conform-ing to the requirements of Practices E4 shall be used formeasuring the strength of adhesion. The moving head of themachine shall t
19、ravel at the uniform rate of 0.40 6 0.04 mm/s(1.0 6 0.1 in./min). The machine shall be provided with arecording device to give the total force in Newtons or pouds-force at the conclusion of the test. A machine with a capacityno greater than 44.5 kN (10 000 lbf) will be found suitable inmost cases.6.
20、2 GripsThe fixtures for holding the specimen in thetesting machine will depend on the type of specimen, but in allcases shall be provided with ball seats, or another device, topermit centering of the load during the test. A typical adhesiontest assembly is shown in Fig. 1. Specially molded laborator
21、yspecimens shall be attached by means of threaded studs on themetal parts as shown in Fig. 2. Specimens cut from productionparts may be clamped as illustrated in Fig. 3.7. Standard Test Specimens7.1 After assembly, the standard test specimen shall consistof a cylinder of cured rubber 3.2 6 0.1 mm (0
22、.125 6 0.005 in.)thick and with a diameter of 39.9 6 0.1 mm (1.597 6 0.005in.), which results in a surface area of 1250 6 5mm2(2.00 60.01 in.2). This will be attached to the faces of two metal plates,each at least 9.5 mm (0.37 in.) in thickness and of the samediameter as the rubber cylinder. The met
23、al plates shall have flatfaces that shall be parallel in the finished specimen. Thecylindrical shape is used to eliminate sharp corners and to giveuniform distribution of the pulling force.NOTE 2While a 1250 mm2(2 in.2) area test specimen shall beconsidered the standard for reference purposes, it sh
24、all be permissible touse a specimen of only 625 mm2(1 in.2) in area, when it is desirable toprepare and cure a large number of test specimens at one time. Thediameter of this test specimen shall be 28.21 6 0.02 mm (1.129 6 0.001in.) and the unvulcanized piece shall be cut to dimensions of approxi-ma
25、tely 24 mm (1516 in.) in diameter and approximately 5 mm (316 in.) inthickness (approximately 10 % volume excess).8. Laboratory Preparation of Standard Test Specimens8.1 Prepare the standard test specimen to be used fordevelopment and control purposes in the laboratory as de-scribed in 8.2 through 8
26、.6. Methods other than those specifiedin 8.2 to 8.6 may be applied and must be described in the testreport.FIG. 1 An Example of an Adhesion Test Specimen Attached in a Testing MachineD429 1428.2 Machine circular metal parts of standard dimensionsfrom rolled bar steel SAE No. 10204for standard refere
27、ncepieces. However, other metals may be used if in conformitywith the essential dimensions. Prepare smoothly machined testfaces of the metals in accordance with any test method forsecuring adhesion that may be under investigation.8.3 Cut unvulcanized rubber pieces to dimensions of ap-proximately 35
28、mm (138 in.) in diameter and approximately 5mm (316 in.) in thickness so as to give maximum pressure ofthe rubber against the metal surface during vulcanization (seeFig. 2). Clean or treat surfaces to be adhered in accordancewith the method being investigated.8.4 Assemble the metal parts and rubber
29、pieces for vulca-nization in the mold. A typical mold and test piece are shownin Fig. 4. The assembly is illustrated in Fig. 2. Aftervulcanization, approximately 0.039 mm (0.0015 in.) of rubbershould be over the edge of the metal substrate. Prior tovulcanization, take great care to keep the surfaces
30、 to beadhered clean and free of dust, moisture, or other foreignmaterial. Do not touch surfaces.8.5 Vulcanize by heating the mold for a definite time at acontrolled temperature in a hydraulic vulcanization press.Choose the time and temperature of cure according to therubber compound used. Take care
31、in removing the specimensfrom the mold to avoid subjecting the adhered surfaces to stressbefore the specimens have cooled.8.6 After vulcanization, store the specimens at a tempera-ture of 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) at least 16 h prior to testing.9. Test Specimens from Production Parts9.1 For comparative
32、test of adhesion in production parts,select a portion of the production-made part so that a specimenconsisting of a rubber piece sandwiched between two parallelplates of metal may be cut. Hollow-mill a specimen out of theproduction part and finish the piece either by turning orgrinding down to size
33、in such a manner that the surfaces of therubber and metal shall be free of imperfections, which have atendency to start a tear in the rubber part during the applicationof tension while testing.9.2 In routine production testing, it is sometimes necessaryto test specimens of different size and shape t
34、han thosespecified as standard. In such cases, the test method ofpreparation shall be similar to that given in 9.1, but the testresults secured shall not be compared with those obtained usingthe standard test specimen.10. Procedure10.1 Mount the vulcanized standard test specimen or thespecimen cut f
35、rom a production part in the testing machine, asshown in Fig. 1, so that the tension shall be uniformlydistributed. Test at a rate of 0.40 6 0.04 mm/s (1.0 6 0.1in./min), or at 0.083 6 0.08 mm/s (2.0 6 0.2 in./min), until therubber either separates from the metal surface or ruptures.Record the total
36、 force at the time of failure. Typically 3specimens are tested per condition, but other sample sizes canbe used, if reported.10.2 In case of rupture in the rubber, the strength of theadhesion bond is obviously not measured, but is shown to begreater than the strength of the rubber itself. Record the
37、 type ortypes of failure, and express in accordance with the adhesionfailure terminology described in Section 4. Estimate and recordthe percentages of the various types of failures.11. Calculation11.1 Express the adhesion value in pascals or pounds-forceper square inch. Calculate by dividing the ten
38、sion force causingfailure by the original area of the adhered surface. In case ofrubber failure, the adhesion value is recognized as being higherthan that reported.12. Report12.1 The report shall include the following:12.1.1 The result, calculated in accordance with Section 11,12.1.2 All observed an
39、d recorded data including the numberof test pieces involved,12.1.3 Notation of type or types of failure, and the estimatedpercentages of the various types of failures (Section 10),12.1.4 A description of the specimen and a notation indicat-ing whether the specimen was molded in the laboratory orprep
40、ared from a production part,12.1.5 Dimensions of the test specimen (comparisons maybe made only among specimens of the same size and shape),4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D11-1040.FIG. 2 Views of a Typical Test
41、Specimen Showing Individual Metal Parts and Rubber CylindersD429 14312.1.6 Test method used for determining adhesion specifiedin this standard, including the test rate,12.1.7 Surface finish of substrate, if known,12.1.8 Date of manufacture or vulcanization, if known,12.1.9 Time and temperature of vu
42、lcanization, if known,12.1.10 Temperature and humidity of test room,12.1.11 Date of test, and12.1.12 Any deviations from this test method.13. Precision and Bias413.1 Precision and bias do not exist for this test methodbecause resources necessary for round-robin testing have notbeen forthcoming.METHO
43、D B90 STRIPPING TESTRUBBERPART ASSEMBLED TO ONE METAL PLATE14. Significance and Use14.1 This test is intended to determine the adhesive strengthof rubber-to-metal bonding agents. The results are obtained bymeasuring the force necessary to separate a rubber from ametal surface. The data obtained indi
44、cates the strength ofadhesion along a line across the width of the rubber strip beingseparated from a metal plate at a 90 angle. The test providesvaluable data for development and control of rubber com-pounds and test methods of bonding. It also serves as ascreening test for the evaluation of variou
45、s bonding agents,techniques, or both.NOTE 3It is permissible to use a 45 angle to bring about separation,but if this is done, the same should be indicated on the form on which thedata are recorded. If this notation does not appear, it must be assumed thatthe 90 angle has been used. The angle of pull
46、, in this case 45, merelymeans that the equipment has been so designed that the angle made by thatface of the rubber being stripped from the metal and the metal to which ithas been adhered is 45. Experience indicates a lower force is obtained forthe 45 angle than for the 90 angle, and also a break s
47、ignificantly closerto the bond interface.15. Adhesion Failure Terminology15.1 R indicates the failure is in the rubber.15.2 RC indicates the failure is at the rubber-cover cementinterface.15.3 CP indicates the failure is at the cover cement-primecement interface.15.4 M (can also be denoted as CM) in
48、dicates the failure isat the metal-prime cement interface.NOTE 4ExampleThe percentages of the various types of failuremay be estimated as in the following examples:R-50, RC-50 means that roughly one half or 50 % of the area showedfailure in the rubber and the other 50 % showed failure at the rubber-
49、covercement interface.R-25, RC-25, M-50 means that three types of failure are present withthe M indicating 50 % failure at the metal-primer interface.16. Apparatus16.1 Testing MachineA power driven test machineequipped to produce a uniform rate of grip separation shall beused for measuring the strength of adhesion. The head of themachine shall travel at the uniform rate of 0.83 6 0.08 mm/s(2 6 0.2 in./min).16.2 FixtureAny suitable fixture for holding the testspecimen to the upper head of the machine may be usedprovided the direction
