1、Designation: D445 14 British Standard 2000: Part 71:1997Designation: 71 S1/97Standard Test Method forKinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D445; the number immediately following the designation
2、indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencie
3、s of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determi-nation of the kinematic viscosity, , of liquid petroleumproducts, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the timefor a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through acalibrated glass capillary
4、 viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, ,can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ,bythe density, , of the liquid.NOTE 1For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosityof bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.NOTE 2ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445 03.1.2 The
5、result obtained from this test method is dependentupon the behavior of the sample and is intended for applicationto liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear ratesare proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, theviscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different
6、results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillarydiameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fueloils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonianbehavior, have been included.1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this testmethod is from 0.2 mm2/s to 300
7、 000 mm2/s (see Table A1.1)at all temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has onlybeen determined for those materials, kinematic viscosityranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to theprecision section.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The SI unit used
8、in this test method for kinematicviscosity is mm2/s, and the SI unit used in this test method fordynamic viscosity is mPas. For user reference, 1 mm2/s =10-6m2/s = 1 cSt and 1 mPas=1cP=0.001 Pas.1.5 WARNINGMercury has been designated by manyregulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can causec
9、entral nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAswebsitehttp:/www
10、.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor addi-tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercuryand/or mercury containing products into your state or countrymay be prohibited by law.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresp
11、onsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for GlassCapillary Kinematic ViscometersD119
12、3 Specification for Reagent WaterD1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham PycnometerD1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnom-eterD1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density
13、 (Spe-cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin BicapillaryPycnometerD2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometersand Viscosity Oil StandardsD2170 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts(Bitumens)1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum P
14、roducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved July 1, 2014. Published August 2014. Originallyapproved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D445 12. DOI:10.1520/D0445-14.In the IP, this test metho
15、d is under the jurisdiction of the StandardizationCommittee.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*
16、A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D2171 Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by VacuumCapillary ViscometerD6071 Test Method for Low Level Sodium in High Pu
17、rityWater by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectros-copyD6074 Guide for Characterizing Hydrocarbon LubricantBase OilsD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurement System PerformanceD6300 Practice for Determination of P
18、recision and BiasData for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products andLubricantsD6617 Practice for Laboratory Bias Detection Using SingleTest Result from Standard MaterialE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometersE1137/E11
19、37M Specification for Industrial Platinum Resis-tance Thermometers2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 3104 Petroleum ProductsTransparent and OpaqueLiquidsDetermination of Kinematic Viscosity and Cal-culation of Dynamic ViscosityISO 3105 Glass Capillary Kinematic ViscometersSpecification and Operating Instruction
20、sISO 3696 Water for Analytical Laboratory UseSpecification and Test MethodsISO 5725 Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurementmethods and results.ISO 9000 Quality Management and Quality AssuranceStandardsGuidelines for Selection and UseISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence ofTestin
21、g and Calibration Laboratories2.3 NIST Standards:4NIST Technical Note 1297 Guideline for Evaluating andExpressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Re-sults5NIST GMP 11 Good Measurement Practice for Assignmentand Adjustment of Calibration Intervals for LaboratoryStandards6NIST Special Publication
22、819 Guide for the Use of theInternational System of Units (SI)73. Terminology3.1 See also International Vocabulary of Metrology.83.2 Definitions:3.2.1 digital contact thermometer (DCT), nan electronicdevice consisting of a digital display and associated tempera-ture sensing probe.3.3 Definitions of
23、Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 automated viscometer, napparatus which, in part orin whole, has mechanized one or more of the procedural stepsindicated in Section 11 or 12 without changing the principle ortechnique of the basic manual apparatus. The essential ele-ments of the apparatus in resp
24、ect to dimensions, design, andoperational characteristics are the same as those of the manualmethod.3.3.1.1 DiscussionAutomated viscometers have the capa-bility to mimic some operation of the test method whilereducing or removing the need for manual intervention orinterpretation. Apparatus which det
25、ermine kinematic viscosityby physical techniques that are different than those used in thistest method are not considered to be Automated Viscometers.3.3.2 density, nthe mass per unit volume of a substance ata given temperature.3.3.3 dynamic viscosity, ,nthe ratio between the appliedshear stress and
26、 rate of shear of a material.3.3.3.1 DiscussionIt is sometimes called the coefficient ofdynamic viscosity or absolute viscosity. Dynamic viscosity is ameasure of resistance to flow or deformation which constitutesa materials ability to transfer momentum in response to steadyor time-dependent externa
27、l shear forces. Dynamic viscosity hasthe dimension of mass divided by length and time and its SIunit is pascal times second (Pas). Among the transportproperties for heat, mass, and momentum transfer, dynamicviscosity is the momentum conductivity.3.3.4 kinematic viscosity, ,nthe ratio of the dynamicv
28、iscosity () to the density () of a material at the sametemperature and pressure.3.3.4.1 DiscussionKinematic viscosity is the ratio be-tween momentum transport and momentum storage. Suchratios are called diffusivities with dimensions of length squareddivided by time and the SI unit is metre squared d
29、ivided bysecond (m2/s). Among the transport properties for heat, mass,and momentum transfer, kinematic viscosity is the momentumdiffusivity.3.3.4.2 DiscussionFormerly, kinematic viscosity was de-fined specifically for viscometers covered by this test methodas the resistance to flow under gravity. Mo
30、re generally, it is theratio between momentum transport and momentum storage.3.3.4.3 DiscussionFor gravity-driven flow under a givenhydrostatic head, the pressure head of a liquid is proportionalto its density, , if the density of air is negligible compared tothat of the liquid. For any particular v
31、iscometer covered by thistest method, the time of flow of a fixed volume of liquid isdirectly proportional to its kinematic viscosity, , where = , and is the dynamic viscosity.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The time is measured for a fixed volume of liquid toflow under gravity through the capillary of
32、 a calibratedviscometer under a reproducible driving head and at a closelycontrolled and known temperature. The kinematic viscosity3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from National Institute of Stan
33、dards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 3460, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-3460.5http:/physics.nist.gov/cuu/Uncertainty/bibliography.html6http:/ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/upload/GMP_11_Mar_2003.pdf7http:/www.nist.gov/pml/pubs/sp811/index.cfm8International Vocabulary of Metrology Basic and Gen
34、eral Concepts andAssociated Terms (VIM), 3rd ed., 2008, http:/www.bipm.org/en/publications/guides/vim.html.D445 142(determined value) is the product of the measured flow timeand the calibration constant of the viscometer. Two suchdeterminations are needed from which to calculate a kinematicviscosity
35、 result that is the average of two acceptable deter-mined values.5. Significance and Use5.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleummaterials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation ofthe equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of theliquid being used. In addition, the vis
36、cosity of many petroleumfuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage,handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate deter-mination of viscosity is essential to many product specifica-tions.6. Apparatus6.1 ViscometersUse only calibrated viscometers of theglass capillary type, ca
37、pable of being used to determinekinematic viscosity within the limits of the precision given inthe precision section.6.1.1 Viscometers listed in Table A1.1, whose specificationsmeet those given in Specifications D446 and in ISO 3105 meetthese requirements. It is not intended to restrict this test me
38、thodto the use of only those viscometers listed in Table A1.1.Annex A1 gives further guidance.6.1.2 Automated ViscometersAutomated apparatus maybe used as long as they mimic the physical conditions,operations or processes of the manual apparatus. Anyviscometer, temperature measuring device, temperat
39、urecontrol, temperature controlled bath or timing device incorpo-rated in the automated apparatus shall conform to the specifi-cation for these components as stated in Section 6 of this testmethod. Flow times of less than 200 s are permitted, however,a kinetic energy correction shall be applied in a
40、ccordance withSection 7 on Kinematic Viscosity Calculation of SpecificationsD446. The kinetic energy correction shall not exceed 3.0 % ofthe measured viscosity. The automated apparatus shall becapable of determining kinematic viscosity of a certifiedviscosity reference standard within the limits sta
41、ted in 9.2.1and Section 17. The precision shall be of statistical equivalenceto, or better (has less variability) than the manual apparatus.NOTE 3Precision and bias of kinematic viscosity measurements forflow times of less than 200 s has not been determined. The precision statedin Section 17 is not
42、know to be valid for kinematic viscosity measure-ments with flow times less than 200 s.6.2 Viscometer HoldersUse viscometer holders to enableall viscometers which have the upper meniscus directly abovethe lower meniscus to be suspended vertically within 1 in alldirections. Those viscometers whose up
43、per meniscus is offsetfrom directly above the lower meniscus shall be suspendedvertically within 0.3 in all directions (see Specifications D446and ISO 3105).6.2.1 Viscometers shall be mounted in the constant tempera-ture bath in the same manner as when calibrated and stated onthe certificate of cali
44、bration. See Specifications D446, seeOperating Instructions in Annexes A1A3. For those viscom-eters which have Tube L (see Specifications D446) heldvertical, vertical alignment shall be confirmed by using (1)aholder ensured to hold Tube L vertical, or (2) a bubble levelmounted on a rod designed to f
45、it into Tube L, or (3) a plumbline suspended from the center of Tube L, or (4) other internalmeans of support provided in the constant temperature bath.6.3 Temperature-Controlled BathUse a transparent liquidbath of sufficient depth such, that at no time during themeasurement of flow time, any portio
46、n of the sample in theviscometer is less than 20 mm below the surface of the bathliquid or less than 20 mm above the bottom of the bath.6.3.1 Temperature ControlFor each series of flow timemeasurements, the temperature control of the bath liquid shallbe such that within the range from 15 C to 100 C,
47、 thetemperature of the bath medium does not vary by more than60.02 C of the selected temperature over the length of theviscometer, or between the position of each viscometer, or atthe location of the thermometer. For temperatures outside thisrange, the deviation from the desired temperature must not
48、exceed 60.05 C.6.4 Temperature Measuring Device in the Range from 0 to100 CUse either calibrated liquid-in-glass thermometers(Annex A2) with an accuracy after correction of 60.02 C orbetter, or a digital contact thermometer as described in 6.4.2with equal or better accuracy.6.4.1 If calibrated liqui
49、d-in-glass thermometers are used, theuse of two thermometers is recommended. The two thermom-eters shall agree within 0.04 C.6.4.2 When using a digital contact thermometer (DCT) thefollowing shall apply:(1) The only acceptable sensors are a resistance tempera-ture device (RTD), such as a platinum resistance thermometer(PRT), or a thermistor.(2) A minimum display resolution of 0.01 C.(3) A combined (display and probe) minimum accuracy of60.02 C.(4) A response time of less than6sasdefined in Specifi-cation E1137/E
