1、Designation: D445 15 British Standard 2000: Part 71: Section 1: 1996Designation: 71 Section 1/97Standard Test Method forKinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D445; the number immediately followi
2、ng the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved
3、 for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determi-nation of the kinematic viscosity, , of liquid petroleumproducts, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the timefor a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through acalibra
4、ted glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, ,can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ,bythe density, , of the liquid.NOTE 1For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosityof bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.NOTE 2ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Meth
5、od D445 03.1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependentupon the behavior of the sample and is intended for applicationto liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear ratesare proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, theviscosity varies significantly with the rate
6、of shear, differentresults may be obtained from viscometers of different capillarydiameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fueloils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonianbehavior, have been included.1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this testmethod is fr
7、om 0.2 mm2/s to 300 000 mm2/s (see Table A1.1)at all temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has onlybeen determined for those materials, kinematic viscosityranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to theprecision section.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard
8、. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematicviscosity is mm2/s, and the SI unit used in this test method fordynamic viscosity is mPas. For user reference, 1 mm2/s =10-6m2/s = 1 cSt and 1 mPas=1cP=0.001 Pas.1.5 WARNINGMercury has been designated by manyregulatory agencies as a hazardous mater
9、ial that can causecentral nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and E
10、PAswebsitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor addi-tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercuryand/or mercury containing products into your state or countrymay be prohibited by law.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its
11、 use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for GlassCapillary Kinema
12、tic ViscometersD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham PycnometerD1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnom-eterD1481 Test Method for Density a
13、nd Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin BicapillaryPycnometerD2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometersand Viscosity Oil StandardsD2170 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts(Bitumens)1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committe
14、e D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2015. Published March 2015. Originallyapproved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D445 14a. DOI:10.1520/D0445-15.In the
15、IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the StandardizationCommittee.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page o
16、nthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D2171 Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by VacuumCapillary ViscometerD6071 Test Method for Low Leve
17、l Sodium in High PurityWater by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectros-copyD6074 Guide for Characterizing Hydrocarbon LubricantBase OilsD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurement System PerformanceD6300 Practice for
18、 Determination of Precision and BiasData for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products andLubricantsD6617 Practice for Laboratory Bias Detection Using SingleTest Result from Standard MaterialD6708 Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvementof Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that
19、Purport to Measure the Same Property of a MaterialE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometersE563 Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bathas a Reference TemperatureE644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resista
20、nce Ther-mometersE1137/E1137M Specification for Industrial Platinum Resis-tance ThermometersE1750 Guide for Use of Water Triple Point CellsE2593 Guide for Accuracy Verification of Industrial Plati-num Resistance ThermometersE2877 Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 3104 Petr
21、oleum ProductsTransparent and OpaqueLiquidsDetermination of Kinematic Viscosity and Cal-culation of Dynamic ViscosityISO 3105 Glass Capillary Kinematic ViscometersSpecification and Operating InstructionsISO 3696 Water for Analytical Laboratory UseSpecification and Test MethodsISO 5725 Accuracy (true
22、ness and precision) of measurementmethods and results.ISO 9000 Quality Management and Quality AssuranceStandardsGuidelines for Selection and UseISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting and Calibration Laboratories2.3 NIST Standards:4NIST Technical Note 1297 Guideline for Evaluatin
23、g andExpressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Re-sults5NIST GMP 11 Good Measurement Practice for Assignmentand Adjustment of Calibration Intervals for LaboratoryStandards6NIST Special Publication 811 Guide for the Use of theInternational System of Units (SI)7NIST Special Publication 1088 Maint
24、enance and Validationof Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers83. Terminology3.1 See also International Vocabulary of Metrology.93.2 Definitions:3.2.1 digital contact thermometer (DCT), nan electronicdevice consisting of a digital display and associated tempera-ture sensing probe.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThis device
25、 consists of a temperaturesensor connected to a measuring instrument; this instrumentmeasures the temperature-dependent quantity of the sensor,computes the temperature from the measured quantity, andprovides a digital output. This digital output goes to a digitaldisplay and/or recording device that
26、may be internal or externalto the device. These devices are sometimes referred to as a“digital thermometer.”3.2.1.2 DiscussionPortable electronic thermometers(PET) is an acronym sometimes used to refer to a subset of thedevices covered by this definition.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Sta
27、ndard:3.3.1 automated viscometer, napparatus which, in part orin whole, has mechanized one or more of the procedural stepsindicated in Section 11 or 12 without changing the principle ortechnique of the basic manual apparatus. The essential ele-ments of the apparatus in respect to dimensions, design,
28、 andoperational characteristics are the same as those of the manualmethod.3.3.1.1 DiscussionAutomated viscometers have the capa-bility to mimic some operation of the test method whilereducing or removing the need for manual intervention orinterpretation. Apparatus which determine kinematic viscosity
29、by physical techniques that are different than those used in thistest method are not considered to be Automated Viscometers.3.3.2 density, nthe mass per unit volume of a substance ata given temperature.3.3.3 dynamic viscosity, ,nthe ratio between the appliedshear stress and rate of shear of a materi
30、al.3.3.3.1 DiscussionIt is sometimes called the coefficient ofdynamic viscosity or absolute viscosity. Dynamic viscosity is ameasure of resistance to flow or deformation which constitutesa materials ability to transfer momentum in response to steadyor time-dependent external shear forces. Dynamic vi
31、scosity hasthe dimension of mass divided by length and time and its SIunit is pascal times second (Pas). Among the transportproperties for heat, mass, and momentum transfer, dynamicviscosity is the momentum conductivity.3.3.4 kinematic viscosity, ,nthe ratio of the dynamicviscosity () to the density
32、 () of a material at the sametemperature and pressure.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 3460, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
33、-3460.5http:/physics.nist.gov/cuu/Uncertainty/bibliography.html6http:/ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/upload/GMP_11_Mar_2003.pdf7http:/www.nist.gov/pml/pubs/sp811/index.cfm8http:/www.nist.gov/pml/pubs/sp1088/index.cfm9International Vocabulary of Metrology Basic and General Concepts andAssociated Term
34、s (VIM), 3rd ed., 2008, http:/www.bipm.org/en/publications/guides/vim.html.D445 1523.3.4.1 DiscussionKinematic viscosity is the ratio be-tween momentum transport and momentum storage. Suchratios are called diffusivities with dimensions of length squareddivided by time and the SI unit is metre square
35、d divided bysecond (m2/s). Among the transport properties for heat, mass,and momentum transfer, kinematic viscosity is the momentumdiffusivity.3.3.4.2 DiscussionFormerly, kinematic viscosity was de-fined specifically for viscometers covered by this test methodas the resistance to flow under gravity.
36、 More generally, it is theratio between momentum transport and momentum storage.3.3.4.3 DiscussionFor gravity-driven flow under a givenhydrostatic head, the pressure head of a liquid is proportionalto its density, , if the density of air is negligible compared tothat of the liquid. For any particula
37、r viscometer covered by thistest method, the time of flow of a fixed volume of liquid isdirectly proportional to its kinematic viscosity, , where = , and is the dynamic viscosity.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The time is measured for a fixed volume of liquid toflow under gravity through the capillary
38、 of a calibratedviscometer under a reproducible driving head and at a closelycontrolled and known temperature. The kinematic viscosity(determined value) is the product of the measured flow timeand the calibration constant of the viscometer. Two suchdeterminations are needed from which to calculate a
39、 kinematicviscosity result that is the average of two acceptable deter-mined values.5. Significance and Use5.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleummaterials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation ofthe equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of theliquid being used. I
40、n addition, the viscosity of many petroleumfuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage,handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate deter-mination of viscosity is essential to many product specifica-tions.6. Apparatus6.1 ViscometersUse only calibrated viscometers of theglass
41、 capillary type, capable of being used to determinekinematic viscosity within the limits of the precision given inthe precision section.6.1.1 Viscometers listed in Table A1.1, whose specificationsmeet those given in Specifications D446 and in ISO 3105 meetthese requirements. It is not intended to re
42、strict this test methodto the use of only those viscometers listed in Table A1.1.Annex A1 gives further guidance.6.1.2 Automated ViscometersAutomated apparatus maybe used as long as they mimic the physical conditions,operations or processes of the manual apparatus. Anyviscometer, temperature measuri
43、ng device, temperaturecontrol, temperature controlled bath or timing device incorpo-rated in the automated apparatus shall conform to the specifi-cation for these components as stated in Section 6 of this testmethod. Flow times of less than 200 s are permitted, however,a kinetic energy correction sh
44、all be applied in accordance withSection 7 on Kinematic Viscosity Calculation of SpecificationsD446. The kinetic energy correction shall not exceed 3.0 % ofthe measured viscosity. The automated apparatus shall becapable of determining kinematic viscosity of a certifiedviscosity reference standard wi
45、thin the limits stated in 9.2.1and Section 17. The precision has been determined for auto-mated viscometers tested on the sample types listed in 17.4.1and is no worse than the manual apparatus (that is, exhibits thesame or less variability).NOTE 3Precision and bias of kinematic viscosity measurement
46、s forflow times as low as 10 s has been determined for automated instrumentstested with the sample types listed in 17.4.1.6.2 Viscometer HoldersUse viscometer holders to enableall viscometers which have the upper meniscus directly abovethe lower meniscus to be suspended vertically within 1 in alldir
47、ections. Those viscometers whose upper meniscus is offsetfrom directly above the lower meniscus shall be suspendedvertically within 0.3 in all directions (see Specifications D446and ISO 3105).6.2.1 Viscometers shall be mounted in the constant tempera-ture bath in the same manner as when calibrated a
48、nd stated onthe certificate of calibration. See Specifications D446, seeOperating Instructions in Annexes A1A3. For those viscom-eters which have Tube L (see Specifications D446) heldvertical, vertical alignment shall be confirmed by using (1)aholder ensured to hold Tube L vertical, or (2) a bubble
49、levelmounted on a rod designed to fit into Tube L, or (3) a plumbline suspended from the center of Tube L, or (4) other internalmeans of support provided in the constant temperature bath.6.3 Temperature-Controlled BathUse a transparent liquidbath of sufficient depth such, that at no time during themeasurement of flow time, any portion of the sample in theviscometer is less than 20 mm below the surface of the bathliquid or less than 20 mm above the bottom of the bath.6.3.1 Temperature ControlFor each series of flow time
