1、Designation: D471 12Standard Test Method forRubber PropertyEffect of Liquids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D471; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthes
2、es indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the required procedures toevaluate the comparativ
3、e ability of rubber and rubber-likecompositions to withstand the effect of liquids. It is designedfor testing: (1) specimens of vulcanized rubber cut fromstandard sheets (see Practice D3182), (2) specimens cut fromfabric coated with vulcanized rubber (see Test Methods D751),or (3) finished articles
4、of commerce (see Practice D3183). Thistest method is not applicable to the testing of cellular rubbers,porous compositions, and compressed sheet packing, except asdescribed in 11.2.2.1.2 ASTM Oils No. 2 and No. 3, formerly used in this testmethod as standard test liquids, are no longer commerciallya
5、vailable and in 1993 were replaced with IRM 902 and IRM903, respectively (see Appendix X1 for details).1.3 ASTM No. 1 Oil, previously used in this test method asa standard test liquid, is no longer commercially available andin 2005 was replaced with IRM 901; refer to Table 1 andAppendix X3 for detai
6、ls.1.4 ASTM No. 5 Oil was accepted into Specification D5900as an industry reference material in 2010 and designated asIRM 905. The composition, and properties of this immersionoil were not changed and the data in Table 1 remains current.Refer to Appendix X4 for other details.1.5 The specifications a
7、nd properties listed in Table 1 forIRM 901, IRM 902, IRM 903, and IRM 905 are alsomaintained in Specification D5900.1.5.1 The subcommittee responsible for maintaining TestMethod D471, presently D11.15, shall review the data inSpecification D5900 to ensure that it is identical to that whichappears in
8、 Test Method D471. This shall be accomplished atthe time of the 5 year review or more frequently whennecessary.1.6 Historical, technical, and background information re-garding the conversion from ASTM No. 1, ASTM No. 2, andASTM No. 3 Oils to IRM 901, IRM 902, and IRM 903immersion oils is maintained
9、in Practice D5964.1.6.1 The subcommittee responsible for maintaining TestMethod D471, presently D11.15, shall review the data inPractice D5964 to ensure that it is identical to that whichappears in Test Method D471. This shall be accomplished atthe time of the 5 year review or more frequently whenne
10、cessary.1.7 This test method includes the following:Change in Mass (after immersion) Section 10Change in Volume (after immersion) Section 11Dimensional-Change Method for Water-Insoluble Liq-uids and Mixed Liquids Section 12Change in Mass with Liquid on One Surface Only Section 13Determining Mass of
11、Soluble Matter Extracted by theLiquid Section 14Change in Tensile Strength, Elongation and Hardness(after immersion) Section 15Change in Breaking Resistance, Burst Strength, TearStrength and Adhesion for Coated Fabrics Section 16Calculation (of test results) Section 171.8 The values stated in SI uni
12、ts are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practice
13、s and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum andPetrole
14、um Products (Hydrometer Method)D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic ElastomersTensionD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed AnilinePoint of Petroleum Products
15、 and Hydrocarbon Solvents1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 on Rubberand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.15 on Degradation Tests.Current edition approved May 1, 2012. Published May 2012. Originallyapproved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 201
16、0 as D471 10. DOI:10.1520/D0471-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM Internatio
17、nal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D751 Test Methods for Coated FabricsD865 Test Method for RubberDeterioration by Heating inAir (Test Tube Enclosure)D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-c
18、ific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham PycnometerD1415 Test Method for Rubber PropertyInternationalHardnessD1500 Test Method forASTM Color of Petroleum Products(ASTM Color Scale)D1747 Test Method for Refractive Index of Viscous Mate-rialsD2008 Test Method for UltravioletAbsorbance andAbsorp-tivity of P
19、etroleum ProductsD2140 Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Compositionof Insulating Oils of Petroleum OriginD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometerHardnessD2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equipment, andProcedures fo
20、r Mixing Standard Compounds and Prepar-ing Standard Vulcanized SheetsD3183 Practice for RubberPreparation of Pieces for TestPurposes from ProductsD4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test MethodStandards in the Rubber and Carbon Black ManufacturingIndustriesD4485 Specification for Performance
21、 ofActiveAPI ServiceCategory Engine OilsD4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blend-ing with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-IgnitionEngine FuelD5900 Specification for Physical and Chemical Propertiesof Industry Reference Materials (IRM)D5964 Practice for Rubber IRM 901, IRM 902,
22、and IRM903 Replacement Oils forASTM No. 1, ASTM No. 2, andASTM No. 3 OilsE145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens2.2 SAE Standards:3J 300 Engine Oil Viscosity Classification3. Summary of Test Method3.1 This test method provides procedures for exposing testspecimens to t
23、he influence of liquids under definite conditionsof temperature and time. The resulting deterioration is deter-mined by measuring the changes in physical properties, such asstress/strain properties, hardness, and changes in mass, volume,and dimension, before and after immersion in the test liquid.3.
24、2 The precision statement in Section 19 is based on aninterlaboratory test program run in 1981, using six differentrubbers with ASTM Reference Fuels B, C, D4and ASTM OilsNo. 1 and No. 3.3.3 The precision statement in Appendix X2 is based on aninterlaboratory test program conducted in 1993 to establi
25、shreplacements for ASTM Oils No. 2 and No. 3. Because of thelimited number of participating laboratories, only repeatabilitycould be evaluated, and it was necessary to use pooled valuesof four No. 2 type oils (No. 2 plus three candidate replacementoils) and four No. 3 type oils (No. 3 plus three can
26、didatereplacement oils). Twelve rubbers were tested in this program.3.4 ASTM Oils No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 have been replacedby IRM 901, IRM 902, and IRM 903, respectively.4. Significance and Use4.1 Certain rubber articles, for example, seals, gaskets,hoses, diaphragms, and sleeves, may be exposed to
27、 oils,3Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDrive, Warrendale, PA 15096.4The sole source of supply of the reference fuels known to the committee at thistime is Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, LP, 10001 Six Pines Drive, TheWoodlands, TX 77380. If you are aware of a
28、lternative suppliers, please provide thisinformation to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.TABLE 1 Specifications and Typical Properties of IRM Reference OilsProperty IRM 901AIRM 90
29、2 IRM 903 IRM 905 ASTM MethodSpecified Properties:Aniline Point, C (F) 124 6 1 (255 6 2) 93 6 3 (199 6 5) 706 1 (158 6 2) 115 6 1 (2396 2) D611Kinematic Viscosity(mm2/s cSt)38C (100F) . 31.934.1 . D44599C (210F) 18.1220.34 19.221.5 . 10.811.9 D445Gravity, API, 16C(60F)28.8 6 1 19.021.0 21.023.0 . D2
30、87Viscosity-GravityConstant0.7900.805 0.8600.870 0.8750.885 . D2140Flash Point COC, C(F)243(469) min 232 (450) min 163 (325) min 243 (469) min D92Naphthenics, CN(%) 27 (avg) 35 min 40 min . D2140Paraffinics, CP(%) 65 min 50 max 45 max . D2140Typical Properties:Pour Point, C (F) 12 (10) 12 (10) 31 (2
31、4) 15 (5) D97ASTM Color L 3.5 L 2.5 L 0.5 L 1.0 D1500Refractive Index 1.4848 1.5105 1.5026 1.4808 D1747UV Absorbance, 260 nm 0.8 4.0 2.2 . D2008Aromatics, CA(%) 3 12 14 4 D2140ARefer to Appendix X3. Table X3.1 reflects the differences in the properties between ASTM No. 1 Oil and IRM 901 for referenc
32、e purposes.D471 122greases, fuels, and other fluids during service. The exposuremay be continuous or intermittent and may occur over widetemperature ranges.4.2 Properties of rubber articles deteriorate during exposureto these liquids, affecting the performance of the rubber part,which can result in
33、partial failure.4.3 This test method attempts to simulate service conditionsthrough controlled accelerated testing, but may not give anydirect correlation with actual part performance, since serviceconditions vary too widely. It yields comparative data on whichto base judgment as to expected service
34、 quality.4.4 This test method is suitable for specification compliancetesting, quality control, referee purposes, and research anddevelopment work.5. Test Conditions5.1 Temperature and Immersion PeriodsUnless otherwisespecified the test temperature and immersion period shall be asindicated in Table
35、2, depending upon the anticipated serviceconditions, unless otherwise agreed upon between customerand supplier:5.1.1 When the temperature of the testing room is other thanthe standard 23 6 2C (73 6 4F) the temperature of test shallbe reported.5.1.2 When the relative humidity (RH %) of the testingenv
36、ironment is known to effect the performance of a test liquid,the RH % shall be reported.5.1.3 The choice of the immersion period will depend uponthe nature of the vulcanizate, the test temperature, and theliquid to be used. To obtain information on the rate ofdeterioration it is necessary to make de
37、terminations afterseveral immersion periods.5.1.4 The tolerance for any immersion period shall be615 min or 61 % of the immersion period, whichever isgreater.5.1.5 The immersion periods enumerated in Table 2 arefrequently used, and are considered standard; however, theymay be varied according to a m
38、aterials testing requirements oranticipated exposure in service.5.2 IlluminationImmersion tests shall be made in theabsence of direct light.6. Standard Test Liquids6.1 For test purposes, it is desirable to use the liquid thatwill come into contact with the vulcanizate in service. Forcomparative test
39、s with liquids of unknown or doubtful com-position, samples of liquid from the same container or ship-ment shall be used. Many commercial products, particularlythose of petroleum origin, are subject to sufficient variation thatit is not practical to use them for test liquids. It is thenadvisable to
40、use a standard test liquid, such as described in6.1.1 and 6.1.2, covering the range of properties that may beencountered in the particular service.6.1.1 IRM and ASTM OilsThe test shall be conducted inone of the petroleum-base IRM or ASTM oils (Note 1)specified in Table 1 that has its aniline point n
41、earest that of theoil with which the vulcanizate is expected to come in contactin service except as indicated in 6.1.3.NOTE 1The aniline point of a petroleum oil appears to characterizethe swelling action of that oil on rubber vulcanizates. In general, the lowerthe aniline point, the more severe the
42、 swelling action by the oil. The oilsspecified in Table 1 cover a range of aniline points commonly found inlubricating oils.6.1.2 ASTM Reference FuelsWhen gasolines or dieselfuels are to be encountered in service, the test shall beconducted in one of the ASTM reference fuels (Note 2)specified in Tab
43、le 3, except as indicated in 6.1.3.NOTE 2The ASTM reference fuels in Table 3 have been selected toprovide the maximum and minimum swelling effects produced bycommercial gasolines. Reference Fuel A has a mild action on rubbervulcanizates and produces results of the same order as low swellinggasolines
44、 of the highly paraffinic, straight run type. Reference Fuels B, C,and D simulate the swelling behavior of the majority of commercialgasolines, with Reference Fuel C producing the highest swelling which istypical of highly aromatic premium grades of automotive gasoline.Reference Fuel F (diesel fuel)
45、 swells rubber vulcanizates to a lesser extentthan Reference Fuel B. Reference Fuels G, H, and I are fuel-alcoholblends (gasohol), which have a stronger swelling action than the corre-sponding fuel alone, where blends with methanol are more severe thanblends with ethanol. Reference Fuel K, a methano
46、l-rich blend, has asubstantially weaker swelling action than that of the fuel used to preparethe blend. Reference Fuels I and K are also referred to as M15 and M85,respectively.6.1.3 Service LiquidsSome commercial oils, fuels andother service liquids (see Table 4) are either non-petroleum orare comp
47、ounded from special petroleum hydrocarbon fractionsor mixtures of petroleum hydrocarbon fractions and otheringredients resulting in materials having properties beyond therange of the reference fluids listed in Table 1 and Table 3.Immersion tests of rubber vulcanizates that are to come intocontact wi
48、th such fluids should be made in the actual serviceliquid.TABLE 2 Test Temperatures and Immersion PeriodsTemperature in C (F)ImmersionPeriod, h75 6 2 (103 6 4) 85 6 2 (185 6 4) 2255 6 2 (67 6 4) 100 6 2 (212 6 4) 4640 6 2 (40 6 4) 125 6 2 (257 6 4) 7025 6 2 (13 6 4) 150 6 2 (302 6 4) 16610 6 2(146 4
49、) 175 6 2 (347 6 4) 6700 6 2(326 4) 200 6 2 (392 6 4) 100623 6 2(736 4) 225 6 2 (437 6 4) 299850 6 2 (122 6 4) 250 6 2 (482 6 4) 499070 6 2 (158 6 4)TABLE 3 ASTM Reference FuelsFuel Type Composition, Volume %Reference Fuel A IsooctaneA, 100Reference Fuel B IsooctaneA, 70; TolueneA,30Reference Fuel C IsooctaneA, 50; TolueneA,50Reference Fuel D IsooctaneA, 60; TolueneA,40Reference Fuel E TolueneA, 100Reference Fuel F Diesel Fuel, Grade No. 2B, 100Reference Fuel G Fuel D, 85; anhydrous denatured ethanolC,15Reference Fuel H Fuel C,
