1、Designation: D482 12Designation: 4/96Standard Test Method forAsh from Petroleum Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D482; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of ash in therange
3、 0.0010.180 mass %, from distillate and residual fuels,gas turbine fuels, crude oils, lubricating oils, waxes, and otherpetroleum products, in which any ash-forming materials pres-ent are normally considered to be undesirable impurities orcontaminants (Note 1). The test method is limited to petroleu
4、mproducts which are free from added ash-forming additives,including certain phosphorus compounds (Note 2).NOTE 1In certain types of samples, all of the ash-forming metals arenot retained quantitatively in the ash. This is particularly true of distillateoils, which require a special ash procedure in
5、order to retain metalsquantitatively.NOTE 2This test method is not intended for the analysis of unusedlubricating oils containing additives; for such samples use Test MethodD874. Neither is it intended for the analysis of lubricating oils containinglead nor for used engine crankcase oils.1.2 The val
6、ues stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly. The preferred expression of the property is mass %.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of t
7、he user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D874 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oilsand AdditivesD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of
8、Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4928 Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by CoulometricKarl Fischer TitrationD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurem
9、ent System PerformanceD6792 Practice for Quality System in Petroleum Productsand Lubricants Testing Laboratories3. Summary of Test Method3.1 The sample contained in a suitable vessel is ignited andallowed to burn until only ash and carbon remain. Thecarbonaceous residue is reduced to an ash by heati
10、ng in amuffle furnace at 775C, cooled and weighed.4. Significance and Use4.1 Knowledge of the amount of ash-forming materialpresent in a product can provide information as to whether ornot the product is suitable for use in a given application. Ashcan result from oil or water-soluble metallic compou
11、nds orfrom extraneous solids such as dirt and rust.5. Apparatus5.1 Evaporating Dish or Crucible , made of platinum, silica,or porcelain, of 90 mL minimum capacity to 120-mL maxi-mum capacity.5.2 Electric Muffle Furnace, capable of maintaining a tem-perature of 775 6 25C and preferably having suitabl
12、eapertures at the front and rear so as to allow a slow naturaldraught of air to pass through.5.3 Meeker Gas Burner, or equivalent.5.4 Mechanical Shaker.6. Reagents6.1 Propan-2-ol (WarningFlammable, can be explo-sive when evaporated to or near dryness.)1This test method is under the jurisdiction of A
13、STM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.03 on Elemental Analysis.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012. Published March 2013. Originallyapproved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D48207. DOI:10.1520/D0482-12.In the IP
14、, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the StandardizationCommittee. This test method was adopted as a joint ASTM-IP standard in 1965.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards vo
15、lume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16.2 Toluene(WarningFlammable, toxic.)6.
16、3 Quality Control (QC) Samples , preferably are portionsof one or more liquid petroleum materials that are stable andrepresentative of the samples of interest. These QC samplescan be used to check the validity of the testing process asdescribed in Section 11.7. Sampling7.1 Obtain samples in accordan
17、ce with the instructions inPractice D4057 or D4177. Before transferring the portion ofthe sample to be ashed to the evaporating dish or crucible, takeparticular care to ensure that the portion taken is trulyrepresentative of the larger portion. Vigorous shaking can benecessary.8. Procedure8.1 Heat t
18、he evaporating dish or crucible that is to be usedfor the test at 700 to 800C for a minimum of 10 min. Cool toroom temperature in a suitable container, and weigh to thenearest 0.1 mg.NOTE 3The container in which the dish or crucible is cooled can bea desiccator not containing a desiccating agent. In
19、 addition, all weighingsof the crucibles should be performed as soon as the crucibles have cooled.If it should be necessary that the crucibles remain in the desiccator for alonger period, then all subsequent weighings should be made afterallowing the crucibles and contents to remain in the desiccato
20、r for thesame length of time.8.2 When the sample is sufficiently mobile, mix thoroughlybefore weighing. The mixing is necessary to distribute catalystfines and other particulate material throughout the sample.Satisfactory mixing can usually be achieved by 10 min ofmanual shaking or 10 min using a me
21、chanical shaker. Examinethe sample for homogeneity before proceeding with 8.3.Continue mixing the sample if it is not homogeneous.8.2.1 When it is evident that the sample is not homogenizedafter repeated mixings, or there is a reasonable doubt, anon-aerating, high-speed shear mixer can be used. Such
22、 adevice is described in Annex A1 of Test Methods D4928.8.2.2 When the sample cannot be satisfactorilyhomogenized, reject the sample and acquire a new sample.8.2.3 When the sample is viscous or solid at roomtemperature, heat the container carefully until the sample isentirely liquid and mix carefull
23、y. An oven at an appropriatetemperature can be used.8.2.4 The sample can contain water. After heating in anoven, the water can boil causing splattering or foaming. Theoperator shall proceed cautiously with the heating step, wear-ing appropriate personnel protective equipment, such as safetygoggles a
24、nd gloves. Mixing this type of sample shall be donecarefully. Stirring, rather than shaking, is an option.8.3 The quantity of test specimen taken for testing willdepend upon the ash content expected in the sample. Refer toTable 1. The weighing procedure will also depend uponwhether the sample requir
25、es heating or not, and whether morethan one portion has to be weighed.8.4 Using a top-loading balance, weigh into the dish orcrucible sufficient test specimen to the nearest 0.1 g to yield nomore than 20 mg of ash. Determine the mass of the testspecimen used in the analysis at ambient temperature. O
26、ne wayto do this is to take the difference between the initial and finalmasses of the sample container weighed at ambient tempera-tures. If one weighing is sufficient, as determined from Table 1,or experience, proceed with steps 8.6-8.11.8.5 If more than one addition of test specimen is required,pro
27、ceed only through 8.6 (noting 8.6.1 and 8.7) and allow thedish or crucible to cool to ambient temperature before addingmore sample as outlined in 8.4. Proceed with steps 8.6-8.11.8.6 Carefully heat the dish or crucible with a Meeker burneror equivalent until the contents can be ignited by the flame.
28、Maintain the dish or crucible at such a temperature that thesample continues to burn at a uniform and moderate rateleaving only a carbonaceous residue when the burning ceases.A hot plate can be used at this stage.8.6.1 The test sample may contain water that can causespattering. The operator shall he
29、at the test portion cautiouslywhile wearing appropriate personnel protective equipment,such as safety goggles and gloves. If spattering is very severe,so that material escapes the confines of the dish or the crucible,discard the test portion. If the first test portion is discarded, add2 6 1 mL of pr
30、opan-2-ol (WarningFlammable) to a secondtest portion while stirring with a glass rod and warming the testportion gently to liquefy if it is solid or near solid. Proceed asdescribed in 8.6. If this is unsuccessful, repeat on a third testportion using a 10 6 1 mL mixture of 50 6 5 % by volumetoluene (
31、Warning Flammable. Vapor harmful) and 50 6 5% by volume of propan-2-ol. In either case, any test specimenthat adheres to the glass rod can be returned to the dish usinga strip of ashless filter paper. Continue burning as outlined in8.6.8.7 Vigilance by the operator is mandatory; burning samplesshall
32、 never be left unattended.8.8 Some test specimens will require extra heating after theburning has ceased, particularly heavy samples such as marinefuels which form crusts over the unburned material. The crustcan be broken with a glass rod. Any crust that adheres to theglass rod can be returned to th
33、e dish using a strip of ashlessfilter paper. Burn the remaining test specimen.8.9 The heavier material tends to foam, therefore the opera-tor shall exercise considerable care. Overheating shall beavoided so that neither the test specimen nor the dish are heatedto a red hot appearance, as this can re
34、sult in loss of ash.Likewise, the flame shall never be higher than the rim of thedish to avoid superheating the crust, thereby producing sparksthat can result in considerable loss of ash.TABLE 1 Test Specimen Mass versus AshExpected Ash, mass %Test Specimen,mass, gAsh Mass, mg0.18 11 200.10 20 200.0
35、5 40 200.04 50 200.02 100 200.01 100 100.001 100 1D482 1228.10 Heat the residue in the muffle furnace at 775 6 25Cuntil all carbonaceous material has disappeared. Cool the dishto room temperature in a suitable container (Note 3), and weighto the nearest 0.1 mg.8.11 Reheat the dish at 775 6 25 C for
36、at least 20 min, coolin a suitable container (Note 3), and reweigh. Repeat theheating, cooling, and weighing process until consecutiveweighings differ by not more than 0.5 mg.9. Calculation9.1 Calculate the mass of the ash as a percentage of theoriginal samples as follows:Ash, mass % 5 w/W! 3100 (1)
37、where:w = mass of ash, g, andW = mass of sample, g.10. Report10.1 Report the results as follows:Test Specimen Mass Report9.00 to 39.99 g 3 decimal places40.00 or more g 3 to 4 decimal places10.2 Record the value reported as ash in accordance withTest Method D482, stating the mass of the sample taken
38、.11. Quality Control:11.1 Confirm the performance of the instrument or the testprocedure by analyzing a QC sample (see 6.3).11.1.1 When QC/Quality Assurance (QA) protocols arealready established in the testing facility, these may be used toconfirm the reliability of the test result.11.1.2 When there
39、 is no QC/QA protocol established in thetesting facility, Appendix X1 can be used as the QC/QAsystem.12. Precision and Bias312.1 The precision of this test method as obtained bystatistical examination of interlaboratory test results is asfollows:12.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successivet
40、ests results, obtained by the same operator with the sameapparatus under constant operating conditions on identical testmaterial would, in the long run, in the normal and correctoperation of the test method, exceed the following values onlyin one case in twenty:Ash, mass % Repeatability0.001 to 0.07
41、9 0.0030.080 to 0.180 0.00712.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent results obtained by different operators indifferent laboratories on identical test material would, in thelong run, in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed the following values only
42、 in one case intwenty:Ash, mass % Reproducibility0.001 to 0.079 0.0050.080 to 0.180 0.02412.2 BiasThe bias of this test method cannot be deter-mined since an appropriate standard reference material con-taining a known level of ash in liquid petroleum hydrocarbonis not available.13. Keywords13.1 ash;
43、 crude oils; distillate oils; fuel oils; lubricating oilsAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. QUALITY CONTROLX1.1 Confirm the performance of the instrument or the testprocedure by analyzing a QC sample.X1.2 Prior to monitoring the measurement process, the userof the test method needs to determine t
44、he average value andcontrol limits of the QC sample (see Practices D6299 andD6792 and MNL 7).4X1.3 Record the QC results and analyze by control charts orother statistically equivalent techniques, to ascertain the statis-tical control status of the total testing process (see PracticesD6299 and D6792
45、and MNL7).Any out-of-control data shouldtrigger investigation for root cause(s).X1.4 In the absence of explicit requirements given in thetest method, the frequency of QC testing is dependent on thecriticality of the quality being measured, the demonstratedstability of the testing process, and custom
46、er requirements.Generally, a QC sample is analyzed each testing day withroutine samples. The QC frequency should be increased if alarge number of samples are routinely analyzed. However,when it is demonstrated that the testing is under statisticalcontrol, the QC testing frequency may be reduced. The
47、 QCsample precision should be checked against the ASTM methodprecision to ensure data quality.X1.5 It is recommended that, if possible, the type of QCsample that is regularly tested be representative of the materialroutinely analyzed. An ample supply of QC sample materialshould be available for the
48、intended period of use, and must be3No ASTM Research Report is available for this standard.4ASTM MNL 7, Manual on Presentation of Data Control Chart Analysis,6thed., ASTM International, W. Conshohocken, PA.D482 123homogenous and stable under the anticipated storage condi-tions. See Practice D6299 an
49、d D6792 and MNL 7 for furtherguidance on QC and Control Charting techniques.SUMMARY OF CHANGESSubcommittee D02.03 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D48207) that may impact the use of this standard.(1) Deleted footnote regarding availability of a mechanicalshaker.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,
