1、Designation: D5 061D5/D5M 13Standard Test Method forPenetration of Bituminous Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5;D5/D5M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1 NOTEEditorial changes were made to Section 11 clarifing the use of
3、the precision statement in July 2006.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determination of the penetration of semi-solid and solid bituminous materials.1.2 The needles, containers and other conditions described in this test method provide for the determinations of penetrations upto 500.NOTE 1For guid
4、ance in preparing and testing emulsion residue specimens for this test method, please refer to Section 35 of Test Method D244.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be considered standard.regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact e
5、quivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the u
6、ser of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D36 Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)D244 Test Methods and Practices for Emuls
7、ified AsphaltsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of ThermometersE1137/E1137M Specification for Industrial Platinum Resistance ThermometersE2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids2.2
8、ANSI Standard:B46.1 Surface Texture32.3 ISO Standard:ISO Standard 468 Surface RoughnessParameters, Their Values and General Rules for Specifying Requirements33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 penetration, nconsistency of a bituminous material expressed as the distance in tenths of a millimetre tha
9、t a standardneedle vertically penetrates a sample of the material under known conditions of loading, time, and temperature.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The sample is melted (if starting at ambient temperature) and cooled under controlled conditions. The penetration ismeasured with a penetrometer by
10、means of which a standard needle is applied to the sample under specific conditions.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.44 on RheologicalTests.Current edition approved June 1, 2006Jan. 1,
11、2013. Published June 2006 February 2013. Originally approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 20052006 asD5 05a.D5 06e01. DOI: 10.1520/D0005-06E01.10.1520/D0005-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For A
12、nnual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an
13、ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as publish
14、ed by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Significance and Use5.1 The penetration test is used as a measure of consistency. Higher values of penetration indicate softer con
15、sistency.6. Apparatus6.1 Penetration ApparatusAny apparatus that permits the needle holder (spindle) to move vertically without measurablefriction and is capable of indicating the depth of penetration to the nearest 0.1 mm, will be acceptable. The weight of the spindleshall be 47.5 6 0.05 g. The tot
16、al weight of the needle and spindle assembly shall be 50.0 6 0.05 g. Weights of 50 6 0.05 g and100 6 0.05 g shall also be provided for total loads of 100 g and 200 g, as required for some conditions of the test. The surfaceon which the sample container rests shall be flat and the axis of the plunger
17、 shall be at approximately 90 to this surface. Theapparatus shall have a leveling indicator. The spindle shall be easily detached for checking its weight.6.1.1 The leveling indicator shall be verified at least annually with a hand-held level.6.2 Penetration Needle:6.2.1 The needle (see Fig. 1) shall
18、 be made from fully hardened and tempered stainless steel, Grade 440-C or equal, HRC 54to 60.The standard needle shall be approximately 50 mm (2 in.)2 in. in length, the long needle approximately 60 mm (2.4 in.).2.4in. The diameter of all needles shall be 1.00 to 1.02 mm (0.03940.0394 to 0.0402 in.)
19、.in. It shall be symmetrically tapered atone end by grinding to a cone having an angle between 8.7 and 9.7 over the entire cone length. The cone should be coaxial withthe straight body of the needle. The total axial variation of the intersection between the conical and straight surfaces shall not be
20、in excess of 0.2 mm (0.008 in.).0.008 in. The truncated tip of the cone shall be within the diameter limits of 0.14 and 0.16 mm(0.00550.0055 and 0.0063 in.)in. and square to the needle axis within 2. The entire edge of the truncated surface at the tip shallbe sharp and free of burrs. When the surfac
21、e texture is measured in accordance with American National Standard B 46.1 or ISO468 the surface roughness height, Ra, of the tapered cone shall be 0.2 to 0.3 m (88 to 12 in.)in. arithmetic average.The surfaceroughness height, Ra, of the needle shank shall be 0.025 to 0.125 m (11 to 5 in.).in. The n
22、eedle shall be mounted in anon-corroding metal ferrule. The ferrule shall be 3.2 6 0.05 mm (0.1260.126 6 0.002 in.)in. in diameter and 38 6 1 mm(1.501.50 6 0.04 in.)in. in length. The exposed length of the standard needle shall be within the limits of 40 to 45 mm (1.571.57to 1.77 in.),in., and the e
23、xposed length of the long needle shall be 50 to 55 mm (1.971.97 to 2.17 in.).in. The needle shall berigidly mounted in the ferrule. The run-out (total-indicator reading) of the needle tip and any portion of the needle relative to theferrule axis shall not exceed 1 mm (0.04 in.).0.04 in. The weight o
24、f the ferrule needle assembly shall be 2.50 6 0.05 g. (A drillhole at the end of the ferrule or a flat on the side is permissible to control the weight.) Individual identification markings shall beplaced on the ferrule of each needle; the same markings shall not be repeated by a manufacturer within
25、a 3-yearthree-year period.6.2.2 Needles used in testing materials for conformance to specifications shall be shown to have met the requirements of 6.2.1when tested by a qualified agency.6.3 Sample ContainerAmetal or glass cylindrical, flat-bottom container of essentially the following dimensions sha
26、ll be used:For penetrations below 40:Diameter, mm 3350Internal depth, mm 8-16For penetrations below 200:Diameter, mm 55Internal depth, mm 35For penetrations between 200 and 350:Diameter, mm 5575Internal depth, mm 4570For penetrations 350 to 500Diameter, mm 55Internal depth, mm 70NOTE 2For referee te
27、sting, the container for testing materials with penetrations below 40 shall be 55 35 mm.6.4 Water BathA bath capable of maintaining a temperature of 25 6 0.1C (7777 6 0.2F)0.2F or any other temperatureof test within 0.1C. 0.1C 0.2F. The bath shall have a perforated shelf supported in a position not
28、less than 50 mm from thebottom and not less than 100 mm below the liquid level in the bath. If penetration tests are to be made in the bath itself, anadditional shelf strong enough to support the penetrometer shall be provided. Brine may be used in the bath for determinations atlow temperatures.FIG.
29、 1 Needle for Penetration TestD5/D5M 132NOTE 3The use of distilled water is recommended for the bath. Take care to avoid contamination of the bath water by surface active agents, releaseagents, or other chemicals; as their presence may affect the penetration values obtained.6.5 Transfer DishWhen use
30、d, the transfer dish shall have a capacity of at least 350 mLand of sufficient depth of water to coverthe large sample container. It shall be provided with some means for obtaining a firm bearing and preventing rocking of thecontainer. A three-legged stand with three-point contact for the sample con
31、tainer is a convenient way of ensuring this.6.6 Timing DeviceFor hand-operated-penetrometers any convenient timing device such as an electric timer, a stop watch, orother spring activated device may be used provided it is graduated in 0.1 s or less and is accurate to within 60.1 s for a 60-sinterval
32、. An audible seconds counter adjusted to provide 1 beat each 0.5 s may also be used. The time for a 11-count intervalmustshall be 5 6 0.1 s. Any automatic timing device attached to a penetrometer mustshall be accurately calibrated to provide thedesired test interval within 60.1 s.6.7 ThermometersCal
33、ibrated liquidinglass thermometers of suitable range with subdivisions and maximum scale error of0.1C (0.2F)0.2F or any other thermometric device of equal accuracy, precision and sensitivity shall be used. Thermometersshall conform to the requirements of Specification E1 or Specification E2251. Othe
34、r thermometric devices shall conform to therequirements of Specification E1137/E1137M.6.7.1 Suitable thermometers commonly used are:ASTM Number Range17C or 17F 19 to 27C (66 to 80F)17C or 17F 19 to 27C 66 to 80F63C or 63F 8 to + 32C (18 to 89F)63C or 63F 8 to + 32C 18 to 89F64C or 64F 25 to 55C (77
35、to 131F)64C or 64F 25 to 55C 77 to 131F6.7.2 The thermometer used for the water bath shall periodically be calibrated in accordance withTest Method E77.An alternatethermometric device shall periodically be calibrated in accordance with Specification E1137/E1137M.7. Preparation of Test Specimen7.1 If
36、 the sample is not sufficiently fluid as received, heat the sample with care, stirring when possible to prevent localoverheating, until it has become sufficiently fluid to pour. In no case should the temperature be raised to more than 60C 140Fabove the expected softening point for tar pitch in accor
37、dance with Test Method D36, or to more than 90C 194F above it forpetroleum asphalt (bitumen). Heat samples for the minimum time necessary to ensure that they are sufficiently fluid. Stir to ensurethat the sample is homogeneous. Avoid incorporating bubbles into the sample.7.2 Pour the sample into the
38、 sample container to a depth such that, when cooled to the temperature of test, the depth of thesample is at least 120% of the depth to which the needle is expected to penetrate. Pour separate portions for each variation in testconditions. If the sample container is less than 65 mm in diameter and t
39、he expected penetration is greater than 200, pour threeseparate portions for each variation in test conditions.NOTE 4If sufficient material is available it is recommended to fill the sample container to near the brim.7.3 Allow to cool in air at a temperature between 15 and 30C (59 and 86F) for 45 mi
40、n to 1.5 hrh for the small (33 16 mmor less) containter,container, 1 to 1.5 h for the medium (55 35 mm) container and 1.5 to 2 h for larger containers. Then placethe samples together with the transfer dish, if used, in the water bath maintained at the prescribed temperature of test. Allow thesmall (
41、33 16 mm or less ) less) container to remain for 45 min to 1.5 hr,h, the medium (55 35 mm) container to remain for1 to 1.5 h and the larger containers to remain for 1.5 to 2 h.NOTE 5If conditions warrant, it is appropriate to loosely cover each container as a protection against dust. A convenient wa
42、y of doing this is bycovering with a lipped beaker.8. Test Conditions8.1 Where the conditions of test are not specifically mentioned, the temperature, load, and time are understood to be 25C(77F),77F, 100 g, and 5 s, respectively. Other conditions may be used for special testing, such as the followi
43、ng:Temperature, C (F) Load, g Time, s0 (32) 200 604 (39.2) 200 6045 (113) 50 546.1 (115) 50 5Temperature, C F Load, g Time, s0 32 200 604 39.2 200 6045 113 50 546.1 115 50 5In such cases the specific conditions of test shall be reported.D5/D5M 1339. Procedure9.1 Examine the needle holder and guide t
44、o establish the absence of water and other extraneous materials. If the penetration isexpected to exceed 350 use a long needle, otherwise use a short needle. Clean a penetration needle with toluene or other suitablesolvent, dry with a clean cloth, and insert the needle into the penetrometer. Unless
45、otherwise specified place the 50-g weight abovethe needle, making the total weight 100 6 0.1 g.9.2 If tests are to be made with the penetrometer in the bath, place the sample container directly on the submerged stand of thepenetrometer. Keep the sample container completely covered with water in the
46、bath. If the tests are to be made with thepenetrometer outside the bath, place the sample container in the transfer dish, cover the container completely with water from theconstant temperature bath and place the transfer dish on the stand of the penetrometer.9.3 Using the level indicator, ensure tha
47、t the apparatus is level.9.4 Either note the reading of the penetrometer dial or bring the pointer to zero. Position the needle by slowly lowering it untilits tip just makes contact with the surface of the sample. This is accomplished by bringing the actual needle tip into contact withits image refl
48、ected on the surface of the sample from a properly placed source of light. Quickly release the needle holder for thespecified period of time and adjust the instrument to measure the distance penetrated in tenths of a millimetre. If the containermoves, ignore the result.9.5 Make at least three determ
49、inations at points on the surface of the sample not less than 10 mm from the side of the containerand not less than 10 mm apart. If the transfer dish is used, return the sample and transfer dish to the constant temperature bathbetween determinations. Use a clean needle for each determination. If the penetration is greater than 200, use at least three needlesleaving them in the sample until the three determinations have been completed. If the sam
