1、Designation:D506e1Standard Test Method forPenetration of Bituminous Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthes
2、es indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.e1NOTEEditorial changes were made to Section 11 clarifing the use of the precision s
3、tatement in July 2006.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determination of the penetrationof semi-solid and solid bituminous materials.1.2 The needles, containers and other conditions describedin this test method provide for the determinations of penetra-tions up to 500.NOTE 1For guidance in prepari
4、ng and testing emulsion residuespecimens for this test method, please refer to Section 35 of Test MethodD 244.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be consideredstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibili
5、ty of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D36 Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)D 244 Test Methods and Prac
6、tices for Emulsified AsphaltsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometersE 1137/E 1137M Specification for Industrial Platinum Re-sistance ThermometersE 2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-eters with Low-Hazard
7、Precision Liquids2.2 ANSI Standard:B46.1 Surface Texture32.3 ISO Standard:ISO Standard 468 Surface RoughnessParameters, TheirValues and General Rules for Specifying Requirements33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 penetration, nconsistency of a bituminous materialexpressed as the distance in tenths
8、of a millimetre that astandard needle vertically penetrates a sample of the materialunder known conditions of loading, time, and temperature.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The sample is melted (if starting at ambient tempera-ture) and cooled under controlled conditions. The penetrationis measured with
9、 a penetrometer by means of which a standardneedle is applied to the sample under specific conditions.5. Significance and Use5.1 The penetration test is used as a measure of consis-tency. Higher values of penetration indicate softer consistency.6. Apparatus6.1 Penetration ApparatusAny apparatus that
10、 permits theneedle holder (spindle) to move vertically without measurablefriction and is capable of indicating the depth of penetration tothe nearest 0.1 mm, will be acceptable. The weight of thespindle shall be 47.5 6 0.05 g. The total weight of the needleand spindle assembly shall be 50.0 6 0.05 g
11、. Weights of 50 60.05 g and 100 6 0.05 g shall also be provided for total loadsof 100 g and 200 g, as required for some conditions of the test.The surface on which the sample container rests shall be flatand the axis of the plunger shall be at approximately 90 to thissurface. The apparatus shall hav
12、e a leveling indicator. Thespindle shall be easily detached for checking its weight.6.1.1 The leveling indicator shall be verified at least annu-ally with a hand-held level.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility
13、of Subcommittee D04.44 onRheological Tests.Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originallyapproved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 5 05a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.or
14、g. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4thFloor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoho
15、cken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.2 Penetration Needle:6.2.1 The needle (see Fig. 1) shall be made from fullyhardened and tempered stainless steel, Grade 440-C or equal,HRC 54 to 60. The standard needle shall be approximately 50mm (2 in.) in length, the long needle approximately 60 mm(2.4 in.). T
16、he diameter of all needles shall be 1.00 to 1.02 mm(0.0394 to 0.0402 in.). It shall be symmetrically tapered at oneend by grinding to a cone having an angle between 8.7 and 9.7over the entire cone length. The cone should be coaxial withthe straight body of the needle. The total axial variation of th
17、eintersection between the conical and straight surfaces shall notbe in excess of 0.2 mm (0.008 in.). The truncated tip of thecone shall be within the diameter limits of 0.14 and 0.16 mm(0.0055 and 0.0063 in.) and square to the needle axis within 2.The entire edge of the truncated surface at the tip
18、shall be sharpand free of burrs. When the surface texture is measured inaccordance with American National Standard B 46.1 or ISO468 the surface roughness height, Ra, of the tapered cone shallbe 0.2 to 0.3 m (8 to 12 in.) arithmetic average. The surfaceroughness height, Ra, of the needle shank shall
19、be 0.025 to0.125 m (1 to 5 in.). The needle shall be mounted in anon-corroding metal ferrule. The ferrule shall be 3.2 6 0.05mm (0.126 6 0.002 in.) in diameter and 38 6 1 mm (1.50 60.04 in.) in length. The exposed length of the standard needleshall be within the limits of 40 to 45 mm (1.57 to 1.77 i
20、n.), andthe exposed length of the long needle shall be 50 to 55 mm(1.97 to 2.17 in.). The needle shall be rigidly mounted in theferrule. The run-out (total-indicator reading) of the needle tipand any portion of the needle relative to the ferrule axis shallnot exceed 1 mm (0.04 in.). The weight of th
21、e ferrule needleassembly shall be 2.50 6 0.05 g. (A drill hole at the end of theferrule or a flat on the side is permissible to control the weight.)Individual identification markings shall be placed on the ferruleof each needle; the same markings shall not be repeated by amanufacturer within a 3-yea
22、r period.6.2.2 Needles used in testing materials for conformance tospecifications shall be shown to have met the requirements of6.2.1 when tested by a qualified agency.6.3 Sample ContainerA metal or glass cylindrical, flat-bottom container of essentially the following dimensions shallbe used:For pen
23、etrations below 40:Diameter, mm 3350Internal depth, mm 8-16For penetrations below 200:Diameter, mm 55Internal depth, mm 35For penetrations between 200 and 350:Diameter, mm 5575Internal depth, mm 4570For penetrations 350 to 500Diameter, mm 55Internal depth, mm 70NOTE 2For referee testing, the contain
24、er for testing materials withpenetrations below 40 shall be 55 3 35 mm.6.4 Water BathA bath capable of maintaining a tempera-ture of 25 6 0.1C (77 6 0.2F) or any other temperature oftest within 0.1C. The bath shall have a perforated shelfsupported in a position not less than 50 mm from the bottomand
25、 not less than 100 mm below the liquid level in the bath. Ifpenetration tests are to be made in the bath itself, an additionalshelf strong enough to support the penetrometer shall beprovided. Brine may be used in the bath for determinations atlow temperatures.NOTE 3The use of distilled water is reco
26、mmended for the bath. Takecare to avoid contamination of the bath water by surface active agents,release agents, or other chemicals; as their presence may affect thepenetration values obtained.6.5 Transfer DishWhen used, the transfer dish shall havea capacity of at least 350 mL and of sufficient dep
27、th of waterto cover the large sample container. It shall be provided withsome means for obtaining a firm bearing and preventingrocking of the container. A three-legged stand with three-pointcontact for the sample container is a convenient way ofensuring this.6.6 Timing DeviceFor hand-operated-penetr
28、ometers anyconvenient timing device such as an electric timer, a stopwatch, or other spring activated device may be used providedit is graduated in 0.1 s or less and is accurate to within 60.1 sfor a 60-s interval. An audible seconds counter adjusted toprovide 1 beat each 0.5 s may also be used. The
29、 time for a11-count interval must be 5 6 0.1 s. Any automatic timingdevice attached to a penetrometer must be accurately calibratedto provide the desired test interval within 60.1 s.6.7 ThermometersCalibrated liquidinglass thermom-eters of suitable range with subdivisions and maximum scaleerror of 0
30、.1C (0.2F) or any other thermometric device ofequal accuracy, precision and sensitivity shall be used. Ther-mometers shall conform to the requirements of SpecificationE1or Specification E 2251. Other thermometric devices shallconform to the requirements of Specification E 1137.6.7.1 Suitable thermom
31、eters commonly used are:ASTM Number Range17C or 17F 19 to 27C (66 to 80F)63C or 63F 8 to + 32C (18 to 89F)64C or 64F 25 to 55C (77 to 131F)FIG. 1 Needle for Penetration TestD506e126.7.2 The thermometer used for the water bath shall peri-odically be calibrated in accordance with Test Method E77.Analt
32、ernate thermometric device shall periodically be calibratedin accordance with Specification E 1137.7. Preparation of Test Specimen7.1 If the sample is not sufficiently fluid as received, heat thesample with care, stirring when possible to prevent localoverheating, until it has become sufficiently fl
33、uid to pour. In nocase should the temperature be raised to more than 60C abovethe expected softening point for tar pitch in accordance withTest Method D36, or to more than 90C above it for petroleumasphalt (bitumen). Heat samples for the minimum time neces-sary to ensure that they are sufficiently f
34、luid. Stir to ensure thatthe sample is homogeneous. Avoid incorporating bubbles intothe sample.7.2 Pour the sample into the sample container to a depthsuch that, when cooled to the temperature of test, the depth ofthe sample is at least 120% of the depth to which the needle isexpected to penetrate.
35、Pour separate portions for each variationin test conditions. If the sample container is less than 65 mm indiameter and the expected penetration is greater than 200, pourthree separate portions for each variation in test conditions.NOTE 4If sufficient material is available it is recommended to fill t
36、hesample container to near the brim.7.3 Allow to cool in air at a temperature between 15 and30C for 45 min to 1.5 hr for the small (33 3 16 mm or less)containter, 1 to 1.5 h for the medium (55 3 35 mm) containerand 1.5 to 2 h for larger containers. Then place the samplestogether with the transfer di
37、sh, if used, in the water bathmaintained at the prescribed temperature of test. Allow thesmall (33 3 16 mm or less ) container to remain for 45 min to1.5 hr, the medium (55 3 35 mm) container to remain for 1 to1.5 h and the larger containers to remain for 1.5 to 2 h.NOTE 5If conditions warrant, it i
38、s appropriate to loosely cover eachcontainer as a protection against dust. A convenient way of doing this isby covering with a lipped beaker.8. Test Conditions8.1 Where the conditions of test are not specifically men-tioned, the temperature, load, and time are understood to be25C (77F), 100 g, and 5
39、 s, respectively. Other conditions maybe used for special testing, such as the following:Temperature, C (F) Load, g Time, s0 (32) 200 604 (39.2) 200 6045 (113) 50 546.1 (115) 50 5In such cases the specific conditions of test shall be reported.9. Procedure9.1 Examine the needle holder and guide to es
40、tablish theabsence of water and other extraneous materials. If the pen-etration is expected to exceed 350 use a long needle, otherwiseuse a short needle. Clean a penetration needle with toluene orother suitable solvent, dry with a clean cloth, and insert theneedle into the penetrometer. Unless other
41、wise specified placethe 50-g weight above the needle, making the total weight 1006 0.1 g.9.2 If tests are to be made with the penetrometer in the bath,place the sample container directly on the submerged stand ofthe penetrometer. Keep the sample container completely cov-ered with water in the bath.
42、If the tests are to be made with thepenetrometer outside the bath, place the sample container inthe transfer dish, cover the container completely with waterfrom the constant temperature bath and place the transfer dishon the stand of the penetrometer.9.3 Using the level indicator, ensure that the ap
43、paratus islevel.9.4 Either note the reading of the penetrometer dial or bringthe pointer to zero. Position the needle by slowly lowering ituntil its tip just makes contact with the surface of the sample.This is accomplished by bringing the actual needle tip intocontact with its image reflected on th
44、e surface of the samplefrom a properly placed source of light. Quickly release theneedle holder for the specified period of time and adjust theinstrument to measure the distance penetrated in tenths of amillimetre. If the container moves, ignore the result.9.5 Make at least three determinations at p
45、oints on thesurface of the sample not less than 10 mm from the side of thecontainer and not less than 10 mm apart. If the transfer dish isused, return the sample and transfer dish to the constanttemperature bath between determinations. Use a clean needlefor each determination. If the penetration is
46、greater than 200,use at least three needles leaving them in the sample until thethree determinations have been completed. If the samplecontainer is less than 65 mm in diameter and the expectedpenetration is greater than 200, make one penetration in each ofthe three separate containers prepared as pe
47、r section 7.2.NOTE 6With a 55 mm container and a sample with expectedpenetration greater than 200, it is often not possible to position the needleholder for a third determination without bumping the other two in-placeneedles. For routine testing it is acceptable to use a single container for allthre
48、e needle penetrations, moving the first two needles as necessary,provided that the difference between the highest and lowest penetrationvalues does not exceed the value specified in section 10.1.10. Report10.1 Report to nearest whole unit the average of threepenetrations whose values do not differ b
49、y more than thefollowing:Penetration0to4950 to149150 to249250 to500Maximum difference between highestand lowest penetration2 4 12 2011. Precision and Bias11.1 Precision estimates for this test were developed usingtheAMRLproficiency sample database, which includes paired-sample data representing approximately 16 000 repetitions ofthe penetration test at 25C, and approximately 4000 repeti-tions of the penetration test at 4C. The materials for thedatabase are conventional straight run and blended asphaltswith penetration values ranging from
