1、Designation: D 528 97 (Reapproved 2002)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forMachine Direction of Paper and Paperboard1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 528; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers four procedures for determiningthe machine direction of most grades of
3、paper and paperboard,embodying the principle that machine direction alignment offibers results in:1.1.1 Cross-direction shrinkage to produce curl with axis inmachine direction,1.1.2 Higher cross-direction tear,1.1.3 Higher tensile strength in machine direction, and1.1.4 Higher stiffness in machine d
4、irection.1.2 Application of the procedures in this method to certaingrades of paper, such as sheets laminated to film, crepedpapers, extensible papers (where it is not unusual for themachine direction tensile to be relatively low and the stretch tobe relatively high) and papers reinforced with texti
5、le materials,may result in unreliable determinations.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility o
6、f regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, or Related Product2D 774 Test Method for Bursting Strength of Paper2D 828 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper andPaperboard
7、Using Constant-Rate-of-Elongation Appara-tus2D 1968 Terminology Relating to Paper and Paper Products22.2 TAPPI Standard:T 409 Machine direction of paper33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions shall be in accordance withTerminology D 1968 and the Dictionary of Paper.34. Summary of Test Method4.1 Th
8、is test method describes four physical procedures fordetermining the machine direction of paper and paperboard.Two of the procedures employ no special apparatus, the oneusing the difference in stiffness between machine and crossdirections, and the other utilizing the tendency of paper to curlwhen pr
9、eferentially wetted on one side. The remaining twoprocedures use standard test equipment, a tensile tester in onecase and a bursting tester in the other.5. Significance and Use5.1 From the standpoint of use requirements, the determi-nation of the machine direction of paper is essential wherecreasing
10、 is required, such as the folding of pages in books andpamphlets, or when scoring or creasing is performed as forcut-outs and folders.5.2 Determination of machine direction is necessary, inmany instances, before further testing can be done. Forexample, machine direction must be known when determinin
11、gbrightness, gloss, tear, tensile and folding endurance.6. Apparatus6.1 Bursting Tester, meeting the requirements set forth inTest Method D 774, to be used for Procedure C.6.2 Tensile Tester, meeting the requirements set forth in TestMethod D 828, to be used for Procedure D.6.3 Other ApparatusIndeli
12、ble pencil (optional for 9.1),shallow glass or metal pan.7. Sampling and Test Specimens7.1 Obtain a sample of the paper in accordance withPractice D 585. From each test unit sheet of the sample preparespecimens as follows:7.1.1 Procedure AFor purposes of identification, draw aline through adjacent p
13、arts of the paper and the specimen to becut. Cut circular specimens approximately 50 mm in diameteror square specimens approximately 50 mm on a side. For1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D06 on Paperand Paper Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D06.9
14、2 on TestMethods.Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1997. Published November 1998. Originallypublished as D 528 39T. Last previous edition D 528 95e1.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.3Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,Technology Park/Atlanta, P.O. Box 10
15、5113, Atlanta, GA 30348.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.square specimens, the sides of the specimen must be cutparallel to the sides of the test unit sheet.7.1.2 Procedures B and DCut two test specimen strips 15by 250
16、 mm. Cut them at right angles to each other and parallelto the edges of the test unit sheet.7.1.3 Procedure CUse the test unit sheet as received.8. Procedure8.1 Procedure AFloat a specimen on tap water in a panand note or mark with an indelible pencil, the final axis of curl.Observe the curl before
17、water penetrates completely throughthe specimen.8.2 Procedure BBendPlace two specimen strips to-gether, one on top of the other, making sure they are aligned atone end. Grasp the two between the thumb and forefinger andhold them so that they are free to bend of their own weight.Repeat, placing the b
18、ottom specimen on top. Note whichspecimen bends more when it is placed on the bottom.8.3 Procedure CBursting TestPerform a bursting test onthe test unit sheet in accordance with Test Method D 774.Remove the test unit sheet from the bursting tester and observethe principal line of rupture.8.4 Procedu
19、re DTensile TestPerform tensile tests on thespecimens in accordance with Test Method D 828.8.5 Recommendations for Procedures:8.5.1 Procedures A and C are recommended when the testunit is not in square cut sheet form or where it is not certain thatthe edges of the test unit are parallel to the machi
20、ne and crossdirections.8.5.2 Procedure A may not be applicable to unsized papers.8.5.3 A modification of Procedure D can be also used wherethe test unit is not square cut or where it is not certain that theedges of the test unit are parallel to the machine and crossdirections. Cut consecutive test s
21、pecimens at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120,and 150 from an arbitrarily selected reference line. Thespecimen having the greatest tensile strength can be consideredto have its length parallel to the machine direction. This willnot apply to extensible papers.9. Interpretation of Results9.1 The axis of curl in Proc
22、edure A will be parallel to themachine direction of paper. Papers with a high degree ofdried-in strain may first exhibit an axis of curl in the crossdirection. After strain relaxation, the curl axis changes andparallels the machine direction.9.2 The specimen in Procedure B cut with its length parall
23、elto the cross direction, will bend more because of the lessercross-direction stiffness and will, when on the bottom, fallaway from the specimen cut with its length parallel to themachine direction.9.3 The principal line of rupture in Procedure C (withapproximately perpendicular fractures at either
24、end) will beperpendicular to the machine direction.NOTE 1The bursting test is convenient for papers with a normaldistribution of tensile and stretch characteristics; however, there arenumerous exceptions to this. The principal line of rupture is parallel to thedirection with the higher stretch. In t
25、hose papers where there is nosignificant difference in the stretch for the two directions, the rupture tendsto be more random and less positive.9.4 The specimen in Procedure D, cut with its length in themachine direction, will normally have the greater tensilestrength and the lesser stretch.10. Prec
26、ision and Bias10.1 No information is presented about either the precisionor bias of this test method since the test result is nonquantita-tive.11. Keywords11.1 cross machine direction; machine direction;paperboardASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asser
27、ted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by
28、the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receiv
29、e careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM Intern
30、ational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 528 97 (2002)2
