1、Designation: D578/D578M 18Standard Specification forGlass Fiber Strands1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D578/D578M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthe
2、ses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the requirements for continu-ous fiber an
3、d staple fiber glass strands, including single, pliedand multiple wound. It also covers textured glass fiber yarns.This specification is intended to assist ultimate users bydesignating the general nomenclature for the strand productsthat age generally manufactured in the glass fiber industry.1.2 Gla
4、ss fibers are produced having various compositions.General applications are identified by means of a letterdesignation. The letter designation represents a family ofglasses that have provided acceptable performance to theend-user in the intended application. For example, the compo-sition limits stat
5、ed for E-Glass in this specification representingthe glass fiber family for general and most electrical applica-tions is designated by the letter E. Military specifications, suchas, MIL-R-60346, recognize the composition limits describedin this specification as meeting the respective requirements fo
6、rE-Glass strands used in reinforced plastic structure applica-tions.1.3 Glass fiber strands have a variety of general uses underspecific conditions, such as high physical or chemical stress,high moisture, high temperature, or electrical environments.Property requirements under specific conditions ar
7、e agreedupon between the purchaser and the supplier. Electrical prop-erty requirements vary with specific end-use applications. Forprinted circuit board applications, other requirements may beneeded such as the use of Institute for Interconnecting andPackaging Electronic Circuits (IPC) Specification
8、 EG 4412 Afor finished fabric woven from E-Glass for printed circuitboards, or Specification MIL-P-13949 for printed wiringboards applicable to glass fabric base.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may
9、 not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.5 This specification is one of a series to provide asubstitute for Military Specifications: MIL-Y-1140 Yarn, Cord,Sleeving,
10、 Cloth and Tape-Glass; and MIL-C-9084 Cloth, GlassFinished for Resin Laminates.1.6 AdditionalASTM specifications in this series have beendrafted and appear in current editions of the Annual Book ofASTM Standards. These include finished glass fabrics, unfin-ished glass fabrics, glass tapes, glass sle
11、evings, glass cords,glass sewing threads, and finished laminates made from fin-ished glass fabrics.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health,
12、and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Internationa
13、l Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1423/D1423M Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-CountingD1907/D1907M Test Method for Linear
14、 Density of Yarn(Yarn Number) by the Skein MethodD2256/D2256M Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarnsby the Single-Strand MethodD2258/D2258M Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com
15、mittee D13 onTextiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.18 on Glass Fiber andits Products.Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originallyapproved in 1940. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D578 05(2011)1.DOI: 10.1520/D0578-18.2For referenced ASTM s
16、tandards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken
17、, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organizati
18、on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-drawn 2008)3D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias forTextiles (Withdrawn 2008)3D4963/D4963M Test Method for Ignition Loss of GlassFiber Strands and FabricsD7018/D7018M Terminology Relat
19、ing to Glass Fiber andIts Products2.2 ASTM Adjunct:TEX-PAC42.3 ANSI Standard:ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 Sampling Procedures for Inspection byAttributes52.4 Military Standards and Specifications:MIL-P-13949 Specification for Plastic Sheet, Laminated,Metal-Clad For Printed Wiring Board6MIL-R-60346 Roving, Glass F
20、ibrous (for Prepreg Tape,Rovings, Filament Winding, and PultrusionApplications)6MIL-G-55636B Glass Cloth, Resin Preimpreginated (B-STAGE) (For Multilayer Printed Wiring Boards) (Super-seded by MIL-P-13949 1981)6MIL-Y-1140 Specification for Yarn, Cord, Sleeving, Cloth,and Tape-Glass6MIL-C-9084 Specif
21、ication for Cloth Finished for ResinLaminates (Cancelled 1999)62.5 Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging CircuitsStandard:IPC EG 4412 A Specification for Finished Fabric Wovenfrom E-Glass for Printed Circuit Boards73. Terminology3.1 For all terminology related to D13.18, Glass Fiber andIts Pro
22、ducts, see Terminology D7018/D7018M.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:atmosphere for testing textiles, chopped strand, continuousfilament yarn, roving, staple glass yarn, strand, textured glassyarn.3.2 For allother terminology related to textiles, refer toTerminology D123.4. Cl
23、assification of Glass Fiber4.1 “C” GlassA family of glasses composed primarily ofthe oxides of sodium, calcium, boron, aluminum, and siliconwith a certified chemical composition which conforms to anapplicable material specification and which produces good acidresistance (excluding HF).4.2 “E” GlassA
24、 family of glasses composed primarily ofthe oxides of calcium, aluminum, and silicon, which has thefollowing certified chemical compositions.4.2.1 The following certified chemical composition appliesto glass fiber yarn products for printed circuit boards andaerospace.Chemical % by WeightB2O35to10CaO
25、 16 to 25Al2O312 to 16SiO252 to 56MgO 0to5Na2O and K2O 0 to 2TiO20to0.8Fe2O30.05 to 0.4Fluoride 0 to 1.04.2.2 The following certified chemical composition appliesto glass fiber products used in general applications.Chemical % by WeightB2O30to10CaO and MgO 16 to 30Al2O312 to 16SiO252 to 62Total alkal
26、i metal oxides 0 to 2TiO20to1.5Fe2O30.05 to 0.8Fluoride 0 to 1.04.2.3 Electrical applications include a wide variety of uses.The composition in 4.2.1 is identical to IPC EG 4412 A forprinted circuit boards and to MIL-G-55636B. Additionally,such fiber glass products often are specified for aerospacea
27、pplications. Products covered by the composition range in4.2.2 are used in general applications, such as power companyequipment, high voltage devices, residential electric boxes,third rail covers, high voltage standoff rods, electrical pultru-sion products, light poles, electrical tool covers, and e
28、lectricaltape. Other applications include roofing, flooring, filtration,panel rovings, gun rovings, smc rovings, chopped strandreinforcements, paper yarns, and industrial yarns.4.2.4 The nomenclature “E-CR-Glass” is used for boron-free modified E-Glass compositions for improved resistance tocorrosio
29、n by most acids.4.3 “S” GlassA family of glasses composed primarily ofthe oxides of magnesium, aluminum, and silicon with acertified chemical composition which conforms to an appli-cable material specification and which produces high mechani-cal strength.4.4 “R”GlassA family of boron-free glasses co
30、mposedprimarily of the oxides of silicon, aluminum, calcium andmagnesium, such glasses possessing excellent acid and waterdurability as well as specific strength and specific moduluslevels significantly greater than E glass.DESCRIPTION OF GLASS STRANDS5. General5.1 The construction of glass strands
31、is described in a seriesof two to four segments of alphabetical or numerical charac-ters.NOTE 1In glass fiber strand designations, and in the conversion of3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4PC programs on floppy disk for analyzing Committee D13 inter
32、laboratory dataare available through ASTM. Request ADJD2904.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.6Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.7A
33、vailable from Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits,7380 N. Lincoln Ave., Lincolnwood, IL 60646.D578/D578M 182yards per pound to tex units, the following rules are used:(1) less than 2.50 texround to nearest 0.01 tex(2) 2.50 tex to less than 5.00 texround to nearest 0.05 te
34、x(3) 5.00 tex to less than 10.0 texround to nearest 0.1 tex(4) 10.0 tex to less than 250 texround to nearest 1.0 tex(5) 250 tex to less than 2000 texround to nearest 5.0 tex(6) 2000 tex to less than 100 000 texround to nearest 100 tex5.1.1 For strands described in inch-pound units, the approxi-mate
35、yards per pound of the final strand can be computed bymultiplying the yarn number designation of the single yarn orstrand by 100 to obtain yards per pound for the single yarn orstrand and then dividing by the total number of single yarns orstrands in the final yarn. Actual yardage is less because of
36、organic content and twist take-up during plying.NOTE 2Letter designations for filament diameter averages are shownin Table 1. The yards per pound stated in Table 2 is an approximate yarnnumber. The “As Received” yards per pound will be less than the bareglass values stated. This may be contributed b
37、y twist take-up, sizingpercent, or purchaser agreement to produce to a lower yarn number tomeet other requirements for a further manufactured product, or both. Forexample, EC9 66 10 (ECG 75 1/0) stated at approximately 66 tex 7500yd/lb will actually be about 68 tex 7300 yd/lb in the delivered state
38、foruse in the electrical laminate industry.”6. Continuous Filament Yarns6.1 Descriptions of Continuous Filament YarnsThe de-scription of continuous filament yarns consists of the followingfour segments:Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4Glass family Yarn number Construction Twist levelFiber form
39、 Twist directionFiber diameter6.1.1 Segment OneThe parts of Segment one are respec-tively the symbol for the glass family as directed in Section 4;the symbol for fiber form, “C” for Continuous, and a symbolfor average filament diameter range as directed in Table 1.6.1.2 Segment TwoThe second segment
40、 of the descriptionof continuous filament yarns specifies the yarn number of thesingle yarn. For yarns described in SI units, the yarn number isspecified in tex. For yarns described in inch-pound units, theyarn number is specified in hundreds of yards per pound, thatis yards per pound divided by 100
41、.6.1.2.1 Some manufacturing processes are designed specifi-cally to produce yarns consisting of hollow filaments. For theseyarns, the suffix HF is attached to the second segment of theyarn description. For example, 40 HF (125HF) represents a 40tex 125 100 ydlb single yarn consisting of hollow fila-m
42、ents.6.1.3 Segment ThreeThe third segment of the descriptionof continuous filament yarns specifies the number of singleyarns in the complete yarn. For yarn described in SI units, thedescription consists of a count of the single yarns twistedtogether, a lower case multiplication sign or x, and a coun
43、t ofthe twisted yarns plied together to form the final yarn. Foryarns described in inch-pound units, the description consists ofa count of the singles yarns twisted together, a division sign or“/”, and a count of the twisted yarns plied together to form thefinal yarn.NOTE 3If additional stages of pl
44、ying are involved, a lower casemultiplication sign for SI units or a diagonal for inch-pound units,followed by the count of plied yarns being cabled is added for eachadditional cabling step. The total single yarns in the final yarn will alwaysbe the product of all the counts in this segment. When 0
45、(zero) appears asa count it is considered as 1 (one) for multiplication purposes.6.1.4 Segment FourThe fourth segment of the descriptionof continuous filament yarns specifies the twist level anddirection. For yarns described in SI units, the descriptionconsists of an S or Z to show direction of twis
46、t immediatelyfollowed by the twist level in turns per metre (tpm) to thenearest 1 tpm. For yarns described in inch-pound units, thedescription consists of the twist level in turns per inch (tpi) tothe nearest 0.1 tpi immediately followed by an S or Z to showdirection of twist.NOTE 4Twist in turns pe
47、r metre (tpm) equals twist in turns per inch(tpi) times 40. The exact factor 39.37 is rounded to 40 to obtain the twistin turns per metre to the nearest 1 tpm when starting from turns per inchto the nearest 0.1 tpi.6.2 Examples of Descriptions of Continuous FilamentYarns:6.2.1 Example 1a, Singles Ya
48、rn Using SI UnitsThe de-scription of a singles continuous filament yarn using SI unitsmight be:EC6 33 1 30Z40where:E = symbol for glass family used in general and mostelectrical applications,C = symbol for continuous filament yarn,6 = symbol for filament diameter average range 5.50 to6.49 m,33 = nom
49、inal yarn number of single yarn, tex,10 = one single yarn twisted without plying or cabling,andZ40 = a twist level of 40 tpm in the “Z” direction.The nominal yarn number in tex of the final yarn will beapproximately 33 since there is only one strand in the finalyarn.6.2.2 Example 1b, Singles Yarn Using Inch-Pound UnitsThe description of a singles continuous filament yarn usinginch-pound units might be:ECDE 150 1/0 1.0Zwhere:E = symbol for glass family used in general and mostelectrical applications,C = symbol for continuous filament yarn,DE = symbol
