1、Designation: D613 15a1Designation: 41/2000Standard Test Method forCetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D613; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTEResearch Report information in subsection 15.1.6 was
3、corrected editorially in July 2015.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ratingof diesel fuel oil in terms of an arbitrary scale of cetanenumbers using a standard single cylinder, four-stroke cycle,variable compression ratio, indirect injected diesel engine.1.2 The cetane num
4、ber scale covers the range from zero (0)to 100, but typical testing is in the range of 30 to 65 cetanenumber.1.3 The values for operating conditions are stated in SI unitsand are to be regarded as the standard. The values given inparentheses are the historical inch-pound units for informationonly. I
5、n addition, the engine measurements continue to be ininch-pound units because of the extensive and expensivetooling that has been created for these units.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of t
6、his standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specificwarning statements, see Annex A1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1193 Specification for Reag
7、ent WaterD2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum ProductsD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsE456 Terminology Rela
8、ting to Quality and StatisticsE542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory VolumetricApparatusE832 Specification for Laboratory Filter Papers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accepted reference value (ARV), na value that servesas an agreed-upon reference for comparison, and which isderived as: (1)
9、a theoretical or established value, based onscientific principles, or (2) an assigned or certified value, basedon experimental work of some national or internationalorganization, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based oncollaborative experimental work under the auspices of ascientific or engin
10、eering group. E4563.1.1.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method,accepted reference value is understood to apply to the cetanenumber of specific reference materials determined empiricallyunder reproducibility conditions by the National ExchangeGroup or another recognized exchange testing organ
11、ization.3.1.2 cetane number (CN), na measure of the ignitionperformance of a diesel fuel oil obtained by comparing it toreference fuels in a standardized engine test. D41753.1.2.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method,ignition performance is understood to mean the ignition delayof the fuel as
12、 determined in a standard test engine undercontrolled conditions of fuel flow rate, injection timing andcompression ratio.3.1.3 compression ratio (CR), nthe ratio of the volume ofthe combustion chamber including the precombustion chamberwith the piston at bottom dead center to the comparable volumew
13、ith the piston at top dead center.3.1.4 ignition delay, nthat period of time, expressed indegrees of crank angle rotation, between the start of fuelinjection and the start of combustion.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubrican
14、ts and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.01 on Combustion Characteristics.Current edition approved April 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Originallyapproved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D613 15. DOI:10.1520/D0613-15AE01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM w
15、ebsite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbo
16、r Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.5 injection timing (injection advance), nthat time inthe combustion cycle, measured in degrees of crank angle, atwhich fuel injection into the combustion chamber is initiated.3.1.6 repeatability conditions, nconditions where i
17、nde-pendent test results are obtained with the same method onidentical test items in the same laboratory by the same operatorusing the same equipment within short intervals of time. E4563.1.6.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, ashort time interval between two ratings on a sample fuel is
18、understood to be not less than the time to obtain at least onerating on another sample fuel between them but not so long asto permit any significant change in the sample fuel, testequipment, or environment.3.1.7 reproducibility conditions, nconditions where testresults are obtained with the same met
19、hod on identical testitems in different laboratories with different operators usingdifferent equipment. E4563.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cetane meter, nthe electronic apparatus which dis-plays injection advance and ignition delay derived from inputpulses of multiple trans
20、ducers (pickups).3.2.1.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, threegenerations of apparatus have been approved for use as cetanemeters. These are (year of introduction is parenthesis) the MarkII Ignition Delay Meter (1974), the Dual Digital Cetane Meter(1990), and the XCP Cetane Panel (2014
21、).3.2.2 Check Fuels, nfor quality control testing, a dieselfuel oil of selected characteristics having a cetane numberaccepted reference value determined by round-robin testingunder reproducibility conditions.3.2.3 combustion pickup, npressure transducer exposed tocylinder pressure to indicate the s
22、tart of combustion.3.2.4 handwheel reading, nan arbitrary numerical value,related to compression ratio, obtained from a micrometer scalethat indicates the position of the variable compression plug inthe precombustion chamber of the engine.3.2.5 injector opening pressure, nthe fuel pressure thatoverc
23、omes the resistance of the spring which normally holdsthe nozzle pintle closed, and thus forces the pintle to lift andrelease an injection spray from the nozzle.3.2.6 injector pickup, ntransducer to detect motion of theinjector pintle, thereby indicating the beginning of injection.3.2.7 primary refe
24、rence fuels (PRF), nn-cetane, heptam-ethyl nonane (HMN) and volumetrically proportioned mixturesof these materials which now define the cetane number scale;the cetane number accepted reference value (CNARV) for anymixture of n-cetane and HMN is given by the relationship:CNARV5 volume-% n-cetane10.15
25、 volume- % HMN! (1)3.2.7.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, thearbitrary cetane number scale was originally defined as thevolume percent of n-cetane in a blend with alpha-methylnaphthalene (AMN) where n-cetane had an assignedvalue of 100 and AMN an assigned value of zero (0). A changefr
26、om alpha-methylnaphthalene to heptamethylnonane as thelow cetane ingredient was made in 1962 to utilize a material ofbetter storage stability and availability. Heptamethylnonanewas determined to have a cetane number accepted referencevalue (CNARV) of 15 based on engine testing by the ASTMDiesel Nati
27、onal Exchange Group.33.2.7.2 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, theDiesel National Exchange Group of Subcommittee D02.014iscomposed of petroleum industry, governmental, and indepen-dent laboratories. It conducts regular monthly exchange sampleanalyses to generate precision data for this e
28、ngine test standardand determines the CNARVof reference materials used by alllaboratories.3.2.8 reference pickups, ntransducers or optical sensorsmounted over the flywheel of the engine, triggered by aflywheel indicator, used to establish a top-dead-center (tdc)reference and a time base for calibrat
29、ion of the cetane meter.3.2.9 secondary reference fuels (SRF), nvolumetricallyproportioned blends of two selected, numbered, and pairedhydrocarbon mixtures designated T Fuel (high cetane) and UFuel (low cetane) that have been rated by the ASTM DieselNational Exchange Group using primary reference fu
30、els todetermine a cetane number accepted reference value for eachindividually and for various combinations of the two.3.3 Abbreviations:3.3.1 ABDCafter bottom dead center3.3.2 AMNalpha-methylnaphthalene3.3.3 ARVaccepted reference value3.3.4 ATDCafter top dead center3.3.5 BBDCbefore bottom dead cente
31、r3.3.6 BTDCbefore top dead center3.3.7 CNcetane number3.3.8 CRcompression ratio3.3.9 HMNheptamethyl nonane3.3.10 HRFhigh reference fuel3.3.11 HWhand wheel3.3.12 IATintake air temperature3.3.13 LRFlow reference fuel3.3.14 NEGNational Exchange Group3.3.15 PRFprimary reference fuels3.3.16 SRFsecondary
32、reference fuels3.3.17 TDCtop dead center3.3.18 UVultraviolet4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The cetane number of a diesel fuel oil is determined bycomparing its combustion characteristics in a test engine withthose for blends of reference fuels of known cetane numberunder standard operating conditions.
33、 This is accomplishedusing the bracketing handwheel procedure which varies thecompression ratio (handwheel reading) for the sample and each3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1092. ContactASTM CustomerService at
34、serviceastm.org.4Bylaws governing ASTM Subcommittee D02.01 on Combustion Characteris-tics are available from the subcommittee or from ASTM International.D613 15a12of two bracketing reference fuels to obtain a specific ignitiondelay permitting interpolation of cetane number in terms ofhandwheel readi
35、ng.5. Significance and Use5.1 The cetane number provides a measure of the ignitioncharacteristics of diesel fuel oil in compression ignition en-gines.5.2 This test method is used by engine manufacturers,petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as aprimary specification measurement related t
36、o matching of fuelsand engines.5.3 Cetane number is determined at constant speed in aprecombustion chamber type compression ignition test engine.The relationship of test engine performance to full scale,variable speed, variable load engines is not completely under-stood.5.4 This test method may be u
37、sed for unconventional fuelssuch as synthetics, vegetable oils, and the like. However, therelationship to the performance of such materials in full scaleengines is not completely understood.6. Interferences6.1 (WarningAvoid exposure of sample fuels and refer-ence fuels to sunlight or fluorescent lam
38、p UV emissions tominimize induced chemical reactions that can affect cetanenumber ratings.)56.1.1 Exposure of these fuels to UV wavelengths shorterthan 550 nm for a short period of time may significantly affectcetane number ratings.6.2 Certain gases and fumes present in the area where thecetane test
39、 engine is located may have a measurable effect onthe cetane number test result.6.3 This test method is not suitable for rating diesel fuel oilswith fluid properties that interfere with unimpeded gravity flowof fuel to the fuel pump or delivery through the injector nozzle.7. Apparatus7.1 Engine Equi
40、pment6,7This test method uses a singlecylinder engine which consists of a standard crankcase withfuel pump assembly, a cylinder with separate head assembly ofthe precombustion type, thermal syphon recirculating jacketcoolant system, multiple fuel tank system with selectorvalving, injector assembly w
41、ith specific injector nozzle, elec-trical controls, and a suitable exhaust pipe. The engine is beltconnected to a special electric power-absorption motor whichacts as a motor driver to start the engine and as a means toabsorb power at constant speed when combustion is occurring(engine firing). See F
42、ig. 1 and Table 1.7.2 Instrumentation6,7This test method uses electronicapparatus to measure injection and ignition delay timing aswell as conventional thermometry, gages and general purposemeters.7.2.1 Cetane MeterUse of an approved cetane meter ismandatory; only the XCP Cetane Panel or the Dual Di
43、gitalCetane Meter or the Mark II Ignition Delay Meter shall be usedfor this test method.7.3 Reference Fuel Dispensing EquipmentThis testmethod requires repeated blending of two secondary referencefuel materials in volumetric proportions on an as-needed basis.Measurement shall be performed accurately
44、 because ratingerror is proportional to blending error.7.3.1 Volumetric Blending of Reference FuelsVolumetricblending has historically been employed to prepare the re-quired blends of reference fuels. For volumetric blending, a setof two burets or accurate volumetric ware shall be used and thedesire
45、d batch quantity shall be collected in an appropriatecontainer and thoroughly mixed before being introduced to theengine fuel system.7.3.1.1 Calibrated burets or volumetric ware having a ca-pacity of 400 mL or 500 mL and a maximum volumetrictolerance of 60.2 % shall be used. Calibration shall be ver
46、ifiedin accordance with Practice E542.7.3.1.2 Calibrated burets shall be outfitted with a dispensingvalve and delivery tip to accurately control dispensed volume.The delivery tip shall be of such size and design that shutoff tipdischarge does not exceed 0.5 mL.7.3.1.3 The rate of delivery from the d
47、ispensing systemshall not exceed 500 mL per 60 s.7.3.1.4 The set of burets for the reference and standardiza-tion fuels shall be installed in such a manner and be suppliedwith fluids such that all components of each batch or blend aredispensed at the same temperature.7.3.1.5 See Appendix X1, Volumet
48、ric Reference FuelBlending Apparatus and Procedures, for typical dispensingsystem information.7.3.2 Gravimetric Blending of Reference FuelsUse ofblending systems that allow preparation of the volumetrically-defined blends by gravimetric (mass) measurements based onthe density of the individual compo
49、nents is also permitted,provided the system meets the requirement for maximum0.2 % blending tolerance limits.7.3.2.1 Calculate the mass equivalents of thevolumetrically-defined blend components from the densities ofthe individual components at 15.56 C (60 F).7.4 Auxiliary Apparatus:7.4.1 Injector Nozzle TesterThe injector nozzle assemblyshall be checked whenever the injector nozzle is removed andreassembled to ensure the initial pressure at which fuel isdischarged from the nozzle is properly set. It is also importantto inspect
