1、Designation: D 653 08Standard Terminology Relating toSoil, Rock, and Contained Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 653; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.These definitions were prepared jointly by the American Society of Civil En
3、gineers and the American Society for Testing and Materials.1. Scope*1.1 These definitions apply to many terms found in theTerminology section of standards of ASTM Committee D18.1.2 This terminology standard defines terms related to soil,rock, and contained fluids found in the various sections ofstan
4、dards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18.1.3 Definitions of terms relating to frozen soils are con-tained in Terminology D 7099.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 150 Specification for Portland CementD 558 Test Methods for Moisture-Density (Unit Weight)Relations of Soil-Cement Mi
5、xturesD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byWater PycnometerD 1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,00
6、0 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D 4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method inDetermining Hydraulic Properties by Well TechniquesD 4044 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for InstantaneousChange i
7、n Head (Slug) Tests for Determining HydraulicProperties of AquifersD 4050 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawaland Injection Well Tests for Determining Hydraulic Prop-erties of Aquifer SystemsD 4104 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determin-ing Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aq
8、uifers byOverdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change inHead (Slug Tests)D 4105 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Deter-mining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Non-leaky Confined Aquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequi-librium MethodD 4106 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure)
9、for Deter-mining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Non-leaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis NonequilibriumMethodD 4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD 4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD 4631
10、 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorativity of Low Permeability Rocks by In Situ Mea-surements Using Pressure Pulse TechniqueD 4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface LiquidLevels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (ObservationWell)D 5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Co
11、n-ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a FlexibleWall PermeameterD 5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD 5092 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundWater Monitoring WellsD 5269 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity ofNonleaky Confined Aquifers
12、 by the Theis RecoveryMethodD 5270 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, ConfinedAqui-fers1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.93 on Terminologyfor Soil
13、, Rock and Contained Fluids.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originallyapproved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 653 07f.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For An
14、nual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 5299 G
15、uide for Decommissioning of Ground WaterWells, Vadose Zone Monitoring Devices, Boreholes, andOther Devices for Environmental ActivitiesD 5878 Guides for Using Rock-Mass Classification Sys-tems for Engineering PurposesD 6312 Guide for Developing Appropriate Statistical Ap-proaches for Ground-Water De
16、tection Monitoring Pro-gramsD 6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Grada-tion) of Soils Using Sieve AnalysisD 7099 Terminology Relating to Frozen Soil and RockD 7382 Test Methods for Determination of Maximum DryUnit Weight and Water Content Range for EffectiveCompaction of Granular Soil
17、s Using a Vibrating Hammer3. Significance and Use3.1 Definitions in this standard are to be regarded as thecorrect ones for terms found in other ASTM standards ofCommittee D18. Certain terms may be found in more than onestandard issued under the jurisdiction of this committee andmany of these terms
18、have been placed in this standard.3.2 Terms that are defined in some textbooks may differslightly from those in this terminology standard. Definitions inthis terminology standard are to be regarded as correct forASTM usage.3.3 See Appendix X1 for References.3.4 A number of the definitions include sy
19、mbols. Thesymbols appear in italics immediately after the name of theterm.3.4.1 No significance should be placed on the order in whichthe symbols are presented where two or more are given for anindividual term.3.4.2 The symbols presented are examples; therefore, othersymbols are acceptable.3.4.3 See
20、 Appendix X2 for Symbols.3.5 A number of definitions indicate the units of measure-ments in parentheses and which follow the symbol(s) if given.The applicable units are indicated by bold capital letters, asfollows:DDimensionlessFForce, such as pound-force, ton-force, newtonLLength, such as inch, foo
21、t, millimeter, and meter3MMass, such as kilogram, gramTTime, such as second, minute3.5.1 Positive exponents designate multiples in the numera-tor. Negative exponents designate multiples in the denomina-tor. Degrees of angle are indicated as “degrees.”3.5.2 Expressing the units either in SI or the in
22、ch-poundsystem has been purposely omitted in order to leave the choiceof the system and specific unit to the engineer and theparticular application, for example:FL2may be expressed in pounds-force per square inch,kilopascals, tons per square foot, etc.LT1may be expressed in feet per minute, meters p
23、ersecond, etc.3.6 Where synonymous terms are cross-referenced, thedefinition is usually included with the earlier term alphabeti-cally. Where this is not the case, the later term is the moresignificant.3.7 Definitions marked with (ISRM) are included for theconvenience of the user and were taken dire
24、ctly from theInternational Society for Rock Mechanics (see X1.3).3.8 Grouping of Definitions and Listing of RelatedTermsTo aide users in finding terms, this terminologystandard provides grouping of definitions and listing of relatedterms.3.8.1 GroupingsSome of these groupings of definitionsare densi
25、ty, unit weight, and specific gravity.3.8.2 ListingsThe listing of related terms might be headedby such items as aquifer, density, gradation, index, specificgravity, and unit weight.4. TerminologyAASHTO compactionsee compaction test.“A” Horizonsee horizon.abrasiona rubbing and wearing away. (ISRM)ab
26、rasionthe mechanical wearing, grinding, scraping or rub-bing away (or down) of rock surfaces by friction or impact,or both.abrasiveany rock, mineral, or other substance that, owing toits superior hardness, toughness, consistency, or other prop-erties, is suitable for grinding, cutting, polishing, sc
27、ouring,or similar use.abrasivenessthe property of a material to remove matterwhen scratching and grinding another material. (ISRM)absorbed waterin soil and rock, water held mechanically ina soil or rock mass and having physical properties notsubstantially different from ordinary water at the sametem
28、perature and pressure.DISCUSSIONSee adsorbed water.absorptionthe assimilation of fluids into interstices.absorption lossthat part of transmitted energy (mechanical)lost due to dissipation or conversion into other forms (heat,etc.).acceleratorin grouting, a material that increases the rate atwhich ch
29、emical reactions would otherwise occur.activatorin grouting, a material that causes a catalyst tobegin its function.active earth pressuresee earth pressure.active state of plastic equilibriumsee plastic equilibrium.activity number (A)in cohesive soils, the ratio of (1) theplasticity index of a soil
30、to (2) the percent by mass ofparticles having an equivalent diameter smaller than 2 m.D 4318additivein grouting, any material other than the basiccomponents of a grout system.adhesionin soils, shearing resistance between soil and an-other material under zero externally applied pressure.Symbol UnitUn
31、it Adhesion caFL2Total Adhesion CaForFL1adhesionshearing resistance between two unlike materialsunder zero externally applied pressure.3In accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10, the alternate spelling for meter, liter,and deka, may be metre, litre, and deca.D653082admixturea material other than water, agg
32、regates, or cemen-titious material, used as a grout ingredient for cement-basedgrouts.adsorbed waterin soil and rock, water in a soil or rock massattracted to the particle surfaces by physiochemical forces,having properties that may differ from those of pore water atthe same temperature and pressure
33、 due to altered molecularar-rangement; adsorbed water does not include water that ischemically combined within the clay minerals.DISCUSSIONSee absorbed water.adsorptionin soils, the attachment of water molecules orions to the surfaces of soil particles.advancing slope groutingin grouting, a method o
34、f groutingby which the front of a mass of grout is caused to movehorizontally by use of a suitable grout injection sequence.aeolian depositswind-deposited material such as dune sandsand loess deposits.aggregateas a grouting material, relatively inert granularmineral material, such as sand, gravel, s
35、lag, crushed stone,etc. “Fine aggregate” is material that will pass a No. 4(6.4-mm) screen, “Coarse aggregate” is material that will notpass a No. 4 (6.4-mm) screen. Aggregate is mixed with acementing agent (such as Portland cement and water) toform a grout material.agitator tankin grouting/slurries
36、, a tank, usually verticaland with open top, with rotation paddles used to preventsegregation of grout after mixing.air-space ratio,Ga(D)ratio of: (1) volume of water that canbe drained from a saturated soil or rock under the action offorce of gravity, to (2) total volume of voids.air-void ratio, Gv
37、(D)the ratio of: (1) the volume of airspace, to (2) the total volume of voids in a soil or rock mass.alkali aggregate reactionin grouting, a chemical reactionbetween Na2O and K2O in the cement and certain silicateminerals in the cement and certain silicate minerals in theaggregate, which causes expa
38、nsion resulting in weakeningand cracking of Portland cement grout.DISCUSSIONSee reactive aggregate.allowable bearing value (allowable soil pressure), qa,pa(FL2)the maximum pressure that can be permitted onfoundation soil, giving consideration to all pertinent factors,with adequate safety against rup
39、ture of the soil mass ormovement of the foundation of such magnitude that thestructure is impaired.allowable pile bearing load, Qa,Pa(F)the maximum loadthat can be permitted on a pile with adequate safety againstmovement of such magnitude that the structure is endan-gered.alluviumsoil, the constitue
40、nts of which have been trans-ported in suspension by flowing water and subsequentlydeposited by sedimentation.amplification factorratio of dynamic to static displacement.amorphous peatsee sapric peat.angle of external friction (angle of wall friction), d(degrees)angle between the abscissa and the ta
41、ngent of thecurve representing the relationship of shearing resistance tonormal stress acting between soil and surface of anothermaterial.angle of friction (angle of friction between solid bodies), fs (degrees)angle whose tangent is the ratio between themaximum value of shear stress that resists sli
42、ppage betweentwo solid bodies at rest with respect to each other, and thenormal stress across the contact surfaces.angle of internal friction (angle of shear resistance), f(degrees)angle between the axis of normal stress and thetangent to the Mohr envelope at a point representing a givenfailure-stre
43、ss condition for solid material.angle of obliquity, a, b, f, C (degrees)the angle betweenthe direction of the resultant stress or force acting on a givenplane and the normal to that plane.angle of repose, a (degrees)angle between the horizontaland the maximum slope that a soil assumes through natura
44、lprocesses.DISCUSSIONFor dry granular soils the effect of the height of slope isnegligible; for cohesive soils the effect of height of slope is so great thatthe angle of repose is meaningless.angle of shear resistancesee angle of internal friction.angle of wall frictionsee angle of external friction
45、.angular aggregateaggregate, the particles of which possesswell-defined edges formed at the intersection of roughlyplanar faces.anisotropic massa mass having different properties in dif-ferent directions at any given point.anisotropyhaving different properties in different directions.(ISRM)annual sp
46、ace; annulusin borings, the space between twoconcentric tubes or casings, or between the casing and theborehole wall.DISCUSSIONThis would include the space(s) between multiplestrings of tubing/casings in a borehole installed either concentrically ormulti-cased adjacent to each other. D 5092apparent
47、cohesionsee cohesion.aquicludein ground water, a relatively impervious formationcapable of absorbing water slowly but will not transmit itfast enough to furnish an appreciable supply for a well orspring.aquiferin geohydrology/hydrogeology, a geologic forma-tion, group of formations, of part of a for
48、mation that issaturated and is capable of providing a significant quantity ofwater. D 5092aquifer, confinedsee confined aquifer.aquifer, unconfinedsee unconfined aquifer.aquitarda confining bed that retards but does not prevent theflow of water to or from an adjacent aquifer; a leakyconfining bed.ar
49、chingthe transfer of stress from a yielding part of a soil orrock mass to adjoining less-yielding or restrained parts of themass.area groutinggrouting a shallow zone in a particular areautilizing holes arranged in a pattern or grid.DISCUSSIONThis type of grouting is sometimes referred to asblanket or consolidation grouting.D653083area of influence of a well, a (L2)area surrounding a wellwithin which the piezometric surface has been lowered whenpumping has produced the maximum steady rate of flow.area ratio o
